Climatic variations influence the morphological, physiological, biological, and biochemical states of plants. Plant responses to abiotic stress include biochemical adjustments, regulation of proteins, molecular mechanisms, and alteration of post-translational modifications, as well as signal transduction. Among the various abiotic stresses, flooding stress adversely affects the growth of plants, including various economically important crops. Biochemical and biological techniques, including proteomic techniques, provide a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms during flooding conditions. In particular, plants can cope with flooding conditions by embracing an orchestrated set of morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments that are regulated by an elaborate hormonal signaling network. With the help of these findings, the main objective is to identify plant responses to flooding and utilize that information for the development of flood-tolerant plants. This review provides an insight into the role of phytohormones in plant response mechanisms to flooding stress, as well as different mitigation strategies that can be successfully administered to improve plant growth during stress exposure. Ultimately, this review will expedite marker-assisted genetic enhancement studies in crops for developing high-yield lines or varieties with flood tolerance.

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The Role of Phytohormones in Plant Response to Flooding

Physiological response of soybean leaves to uniconazole under waterlogging stress at R1 stage

Abiotic stresses and climate changes cause severe loss of yield and quality of crops and reduce the production area worldwide. Flooding stress curtails soybean growth, yield, and quality and ultimately threatens the global food supply chain. Flooding tolerance is a multigenic trait. Tremendous research in molecular breeding explored the potential genomic regions governing flood tolerance in soybean. The most robust way to develop flooding tolerance in soybean is by using molecular methods, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, identification of transcriptomes, transcription factor analysis, CRISPR/Cas9, and to some extent, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and multi-omics techniques. These powerful molecular tools have deepened our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of flooding stress tolerance. Besides all this, using conventional breeding methods (hybridization, introduction, and backcrossing) and other agronomic practices is also helpful in combating the rising flooding threats to the soybean crop. The current review aims to summarize recent advancements in breeding flood-tolerant soybean, mainly by using molecular and conventional tools and their prospects. This updated picture will be a treasure trove for future researchers to comprehend the foundation of flooding tolerance in soybean and cover the given research gaps to develop tolerant soybean cultivars able to sustain growth under extreme climatic changes.

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The intervention of classical and molecular breeding approaches to enhance flooding stress tolerance in soybean – An review

Phytohormones are essential for all aspects of plant growth, development, and immunity; however, it is the interplay between phytohormones, as they dynamically change during these processes, that is key to this regulation. Hormones have traditionally been split into two groups: growth-promoting and stress-related. Here, we will discuss and show that all hormones play a role in plant defence, regardless of current designation. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex phytohormone networks with less focus on archetypal immunity-related pathways and discuss protein and transcription factor signalling hubs that mediate hormone interplay. 

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Interplay between phytohormone signalling pathways in plant defence – other than salicylic acid and jasmonic acid

Soil flooding severely impairs agricultural crop production. Plants can cope with flooding conditions by embracing an orchestrated set of morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments that are regulated by the elaborated hormonal signaling network. The most prominent of these hormones is ethylene, which has been firmly established as a critical signal in flooding tolerance. ABA (abscisic acid) is also known as a “stress hormone” that modulates various responses to abiotic stresses; however, its role in flooding tolerance remains much less established. Here, we discuss the progress made in the elucidation of morphological adaptations regulated by ABA and its crosstalk with other phytohormones under flooding conditions in model plants and agriculturally important crops.

Yancui Zhao

Papers

Understanding a Mechanistic Basis of ABA Involvement in Plant Adaptation to Soil Flooding: The Current Standing