Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in many societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. Reviewing that research here, we focus on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies. We discuss difficulties in defining “nature” and reasons for the current expansion of the research field, and we assess available reviews. We then consider research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and priorities for future research. The extant research does describe an array of benefits of contact with nature, and evidence regarding some benefits is strong; however, some findings indicate caution is needed in applying beliefs about those benefits,...

Nature and Health

Keywords: Mecanique des sols ; Drainage ; Ecoulement souterrain Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08

Applications of soil physics.

If you really want to be smarter, reading can be one of the lots ways to evoke and realize. Many people who like reading will have more knowledge and experiences. Reading can be a way to gain information from economics, politics, science, fiction, literature, religion, and many others. As one of the part of book categories, statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring always becomes the most wanted book. Many people are absolutely searching for this book. It means that many love to read this kind of book.

Statistical Methods For Environmental Pollution Monitoring

. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1) together with the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields were used to create a global emission data set of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) available on a monthly basis for the time period of 1980–2010. This data set, developed under the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate project (MACC), is called MEGAN–MACC. The model estimated mean annual total BVOC emission of 760 Tg (C) yr−1 consisting of isoprene (70%), monoterpenes (11%), methanol (6%), acetone (3%), sesquiterpenes (2.5%) and other BVOC species each contributing less than 2%. Several sensitivity model runs were performed to study the impact of different model input and model settings on isoprene estimates and resulted in differences of up to ±17% of the reference isoprene total. A greater impact was observed for a sensitivity run applying parameterization of soil moisture deficit that led to a 50% reduction of isoprene emissions on a global scale, most significantly in specific regions of Africa, South America and Australia. MEGAN–MACC estimates are comparable to results of previous studies. More detailed comparison with other isoprene inventories indicated significant spatial and temporal differences between the data sets especially for Australia, Southeast Asia and South America. MEGAN–MACC estimates of isoprene, α-pinene and group of monoterpenes showed a reasonable agreement with surface flux measurements at sites located in tropical forests in the Amazon and Malaysia. The model was able to capture the seasonal variation of isoprene emissions in the Amazon forest.

/pdf/global-data-set-of-biogenic-voc-emissions-calculated-by-the-2zd86kyjdg.pdf

Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years

The Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH)

Background and aims: Human exposure to chemicals through multiple pathways is classically estimated by the so-called ‘multimedia models’, calculating the distribution of contaminants among products...

Linking multimedia environmental and pbpk models to assess health risks – a case study

Abstract. In the next few years, numerous satellites with high-resolution instruments dedicated to the imaging of atmospheric gaseous compounds will be launched, to finely monitor emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. Processing the resulting images of plumes from cities and industrial plants to infer the emissions of these sources can be challenging. In particular traditional atmospheric inversion techniques, relying on objective comparisons to simulations with atmospheric chemistry transport models, may poorly fit the observed plume due to modelling errors rather than due to uncertainties in the emissions. The present article discusses how these images can be adequately compared to simulated concentrations to limit the weight of modelling errors due to the meteorology used to analyse the images. For such comparisons, the usual pixel-wise ℒ2 norm may not be suitable, since it does not linearly penalise a displacement between two identical plumes. By definition, such a metric considers a displacement as an accumulation of significant local amplitude discrepancies. This is the so-called double penalty issue. To avoid this issue, we propose three solutions: (i) compensate for position error, due to a displacement, before the local comparison; (ii) use non-local metrics of density distribution comparison; and (iii) use a combination of the first two solutions. All the metrics are evaluated using first a catalogue of analytical plumes and then more realistic plumes simulated with a mesoscale Eulerian atmospheric transport model, with an emphasis on the sensitivity of the metrics to position error and the concentration values within the plumes. As expected, the metrics with the upstream correction are found to be less sensitive to position error in both analytical and realistic conditions. Furthermore, in realistic cases, we evaluate the weight of changes in the norm and the direction of the four-dimensional wind fields in our metric values. This comparison highlights the link between differences in the synoptic-scale winds direction and position error. Hence the contribution of the latter to our new metrics is reduced, thus limiting misinterpretation. Furthermore, the new metrics also avoid the double penalty issue.


Accounting for meteorological biases in simulated plumes using smarter metrics

Atmosphere is an important component of the whole ecosystem because it directly interacts with all the other media, i.e. soil, surface waters, vegetation and biota. This chapter describes the processes that should be considered in models simulating the fate of chemicals in the atmosphere. The first section describes model approaches able to simulate the long-range transport of chemicals in the atmosphere. The second section describes the partition of chemicals between gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Two approaches, respectively, based on liquid vapour pressure and octanol-air partition coefficient are presented. The third section describes chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere, driven by photolysis and reactions with photooxidants like the hydroxyl radical OH. The forth section describes dry deposition of both gaseous and particulate chemicals on the earth surface. Dry deposition is driven by aerodynamic, quasi-laminar sublayer and canopy resistances. The calculation of these latter is presented here in detail. The fifth section describes wet deposition of both gaseous and particulate chemicals on the earth surface, driven by rainout (in-cloud) and washout (below-cloud) scavenging.

Modelling the Fate of Chemicals in the Atmosphere

• Rainfall intensity and kinetic energy exhibit multifractal behavior. • A new power law is obtained between them with the universal multifractal framework. • This scale invariant law generalizes previous results and theoretical formulations. • It does not have to rely on the ad-hoc assumption of gamma drop size distribution. To calculate the effect of rainfall in detaching particles and initiating soil erosion, or in eroding wind turbine leading edge, it is important to measure recorded drop size distributions (DSD) and fall velocity over long period. Commonly used relationships between kinetic energy ( KE ) and rainfall rate ( R ) exhibit strong dependence on the temporal resolution at which the analysis is carried out. Here we aim at developing a new scale invariant relationship relying on the framework of Universal Multifractals (UM), which is widely used to analyze and characterize geophysical fields that exhibit extreme variability across wide range of scales. Rainfall data is collected using three optical disdrometers working on different underlying technologies (one Campbell Scientific PWS100 and two OTT Parsivel 2 instruments) and operated by the Hydrology Meteorology and Complexity laboratory of École des Ponts ParisTech in Paris area (France). They provide access to the size and velocity of drops falling through sampling areas of few tens of cm 2 . Such data enables estimation of rainfall DSD, R and KE at various resolutions. The temporal variations of this geophysical data over wide range of scales are then characterized in the UM framework, which was never done for KE . A new power law relation is developed and tested against the theoretical framework assuming gamma DSD for describing the dependence between KE and R . The developed equation using scale invariant features of UM does not rely on gamma DSD assumption, performs as well as the existing tools, and is valid not only at a single scale, but also across scales. 

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0022169422002906/pdf/S0022169422002906.pdf

Yelva Roustan

Papers

The Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH)

Linking multimedia environmental and pbpk models to assess health risks – a case study

Accounting for meteorological biases in simulated plumes using smarter metrics

Modelling the Fate of Chemicals in the Atmosphere

Scale invariant relationship between rainfall kinetic energy and intensity in Paris region: An evaluation using universal multifractal framework