다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

Stress is an event that most animals experience and that induces a number of responses involving all three regulatory systems, neural, endocrine and immune. When the stressor is acute and short-term, the response pattern is stimulatory and the fish immune response shows an activating phase that specially enhances innate responses. If the stressor is chronic the immune response shows suppressive effects and therefore the chances of an infection may be enhanced. In addition, coping with the stressor imposes an allostatic cost that may interfere with the needs of the immune response. In this paper the mechanisms behind these immunoregulatory changes are reviewed and the role of the main neuroendocrine mechanisms directly affecting the building of the immune response and their consequences are considered.

Stress and immune modulation in fish.

Abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress. Depending on habitat and season, the peak intensity of different abiotic stressors can occur in or out of phase with one another. Thus, some organisms are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, whereas others experience them sequentially. Understanding these physicochemical dynamics is critical because how organisms respond to multiple stressors depends on the magnitude and relative timing of each stressor. Here, we first discuss broad patterns of covariation between stressors in marine systems at various temporal scales. We then describe how these dynamics will influence physiological responses to multi-stressor exposures. Finally, we summarize how multi-stressor effects are currently assessed. We find that multi-stressor experiments have rarely incorporated naturalistic physicochemical variation into their designs, and emphasize the importance of doing so to make ecologically relevant inferences about physiological responses to global change.

Multiple Stressors in a Changing World: The Need for an Improved Perspective on Physiological Responses to the Dynamic Marine Environment

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), also known as stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones, are a suite of highly conserved proteins of varying molecular weight (c. 16-100 kDa) produced in all cellular organisms when they are exposed to stress. They develop following up-regulation of specific genes, whose transcription is mediated by the interaction of heat shock factors with heat shock elements in gene promoter regions. HSPs function as helper molecules or chaperones for all protein and lipid metabolic activities of the cell, and it is now recognized that the up-regulation in response to stress is universal to all cells and not restricted to heat stress. Thus, other stressors such as anoxia, ischaemia, toxins, protein degradation, hypoxia, acidosis and microbial damage will also lead to their up-regulation. They play a fundamental role in the regulation of normal protein synthesis within the cell. HSP families, such as HSP90 and HSP70, are critical to the folding and assembly of other cellular proteins and are also involved in regulation of kinetic partitioning between folding, translocation and aggregation within the cell. HSPs also have a wider role in relation to the function of the immune system, apoptosis and various facets of the inflammatory process. In aquatic animals, they have been shown to play an important role in health, in relation to the host response to environmental pollutants, to food toxins and in particular in the development of inflammation and the specific and non-specific immune responses to bacterial and viral infections in both finfish and shrimp. With the recent development of non-traumatic methods for enhancing HSP levels in fish and shrimp populations via heat, via provision of exogenous HSPs or by oral or water administration of HSP stimulants, they have also, in addition to the health effects, been demonstrated to be valuable in contributing to reducing trauma and physical stress in relation to husbandry events such as transportation and vaccination.

Heat shock proteins (chaperones) in fish and shellfish and their potential role in relation to fish health: a review.

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves, concerns over global warming and the high demand for natural functional foods and products have valorized microalgae as an alternative renewable feedstock. Ov...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26388081.2020.1715256

Chlorella vulgaris: a perspective on its potential for combining high biomass with high value bioproducts

https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/fish511/Readings/Readings%202010/Sung%202007%20Heat%20Shcok%20lecture%202.pdf

Non-lethal heat shock protects gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana larvae against virulent Vibrios.

Four families of heat shock proteins (Hsps), including the small heat shock proteins (sHsps), Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp60, are synthesized under normal physiological conditions and in response to stress. sHsps protect proteins from irreversible denaturation independently of ATP. The remaining ATP-responsive Hsps fold nascent proteins, shield proteins from irreversible denaturation during stress and aid protein refolding. Several observations indicate that Hsps contribute to disease resistance in aquatic organisms, the first being that these proteins are produced in finfish, shellfish and bivalves upon infection with viral and bacterial pathogens. Induction of Hsp synthesis by heat shock and incubation with chemicals such as Pro-Tex® boosts resistance to pathogens, as does administration of exogenous Hsps to host organisms. The extent of Hsp accumulation and the increase in disease tolerance are generally correlated with one another. Not only do Hsps protect against pathogens by functioning as molecular chaperones, but they are thought to mediate humoral and cellular innate immune responses. Hsp70 is highly immunogenic and serves as a ligand for Toll-like receptors. Hsps elicit cytokine production and they deliver peptides to antigen presenting cells via major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). Vaccines have been produced for use in aquaculture by employing Hsps, either alone or fused to antigens obtained from pathogens. Hsps offer several advantages over current methods for the treatment of disease in commercially important organisms and they are being increasingly exploited as their roles in protein chaperoning and immune modulation are better understood.

/pdf/heat-shock-proteins-and-disease-control-in-aquatic-organisms-1ffyilqny6.pdf

Heat Shock Proteins and Disease Control in Aquatic Organisms

SUMMARY Encysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp Artemia undergo diapause, a state of profound dormancy and enhanced stress tolerance. Upon exposure to the appropriate physical stimulus diapause terminates and embryos resume development. The regulation of diapause termination and post-diapause development is poorly understood at the molecular level, prompting this study on the capacity of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and nitric oxide (NO) to control these processes. Exposure to H 2 O 2 and NO, the latter generated by the use of three NO generators, promoted cyst development, emergence and hatching, effects nullified by catalase and the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO). The maximal effect of NO and H 2 O 2 on cyst development was achieved by 4 h of exposure to either chemical. NO was effective at a lower concentration than H 2 O 2 but more cysts developed in response to H 2 O 2 . Promotion of development varied with incubation conditions, indicating for the first time a population of Artemia cysts potentially arrested in post-diapause and whose development was activated by either H 2 O 2 or NO. A second cyst sub-population, refractory to hatching after prolonged incubation, was considered to be in diapause, a condition broken by H 2 O 2 but not NO. These observations provide clues to the molecular mechanisms of diapause termination and development in Artemia , while enhancing the organism9s value in aquaculture by affording a greater understanding of its growth and physiology.

/pdf/diapause-termination-and-development-of-encysted-artemia-4g99vomby4.pdf

Yeong Yik Sung

Papers

Heat shock proteins (chaperones) in fish and shellfish and their potential role in relation to fish health: a review.

Chlorella vulgaris: a perspective on its potential for combining high biomass with high value bioproducts

Non-lethal heat shock protects gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana larvae against virulent Vibrios.

Heat Shock Proteins and Disease Control in Aquatic Organisms

Diapause termination and development of encysted Artemia embryos: roles for nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide