Organization and Management is a comprehensive text and is structured to meet the syllabi requirements of various universities and professional institutes, particularly the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. It fills the need for a systematically-organised quality text, written in an easy-to-read style. It adopts the basic approach of treating an organization as a system and management as an art. It presents concepts and principles as guides for management and not as rules of thumb, and emphasizes the need for managers to relate decisions to operating situations.

Organization and management.

This review represents the third in an annual special feature in Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. It provides a cross‐sectional analysis of the police literature for the year 2002, highlighting the substantive categories of the literature as well as distribution of publication medium and methodological typology. In doing so, the authors provide a ‘snap shot’ of the current research trends in policing and state both the substantive and methodological research patterns of this specific field of criminology.

Trends in police research: a cross‐sectional analysis of the 2006 literature

Police researchers have largely ignored the role thatorganizational and environmental factors play indetermining how officers behave during interactions withcitizens. This has resulted in a body of policing knowledgethat contains little information about how and whypolice practices are affected by features of the agenciesofficers work for and forces outside police departments.This article points out the consequences of this dearth ofknowledge for understanding what the police do andwhy they do it, reviews the limited literature onorganizational and environmental determinants of policeactivity, and calls for a research program that views interfacebetween police organizations and their environments asa central question.

Environment and Organization: Reviving a Perspective on the Police

American policing demonstrates both continuity and change. A high degree of decentralization persists, as do bureaucratic structures of larger police agencies. The structures and practices of the nation’s numerous small agencies remain underexamined. The potential growth of professional structures inside and outside the police organization is largely unexplored. The core police patrol technology has remained essentially unchanged for decades, and early police adaptations to information technology have not yet profoundly altered policing structures and processes in easily observable ways. The demography and education levels of police workers are changing, but the consequences are not obvious. Police culture has long been under siege. Current reforms attempt to reduce the occupation’s isolation from the communities it serves and the scientific community that presumably serves it. Mechanisms and styles for governing police retain considerable variation, but the growing role of grassroots community g...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/653046

Police Organization Continuity and Change: Into the Twenty‐first Century

Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidencedoes a terrific job of discussing the limited research on trends in the policing industry, but what it does not include is perhaps as informative Large gaps in the body of research limit our ability to make definitive inferences about how the policing industry is changing These gaps result in part from a lack of systematic, standardized, longitudinal data collection and analysis on the nature and outputs of police organizations in the United States As a result, we know little about basic descriptive features of policing and how these features are changing over time Lacking the ability to track even the most basic descriptive trends, the police research industry is at even more of a loss in developing careful empirical explanations of these trends This article discusses some of these trends, summarizes what we know and what we do not know about them, and provides some recommendations for how the police research industry can do a better job of describ

Trends in the Policing Industry

According to community policing advocates, police agencies should implement a variety of important organizational changes. These changes are supposed to occur in a number of different substantive domains, including the culture, behavior, and structure of police organizations. This paper examines the evidence for change in just one of these domains: formal organizational structure. Based on concepts derived from organization theory, and using data from six different data sets, the paper explores whether the structures of US police organizations changed during the 1990s. Overall, it finds mixed evidence. Some changes have occurred in the direction encouraged by community policing reformers, some changes have occurred in the opposite direction, and some changes have not occurred at all.

http://www.edmaguire.net/download.php?down=userfiles/articles/Maguire_Shin_Zhao_Hassell_2003.pdf

Structural change in large police agencies during the 1990s

범죄자의 다수는 빈곤하다. 빈곤범죄자 문제는 사회취약계층 과 무관하지 않다는 점에서 사회복지 차원의 접근이 요구된다. 이 연구는 사회복지의 가치들에 대한 예비사회복지사들의 인식ㆍ 태도를 파악하고 범죄문제에 대한 사회복지실천의 함의를 찾는 데 목적을 두었다. 구체적으로 범죄문제를 중심으로 사회복지의 가치들(분배정 의, 평등, 형평, 평등 vs. 형평, 연대성)에 관한 예비사회복지사 들의 인식ㆍ태도를 분석하였고, 이들 가치들 간의 상호관련성을 카이스퀘어 검정(Chi-square test)을 통해 탐색하였다, 연구를 위해 사회복지학과 대학생 173명로부터 설문조사를 통해 수집한 자료를 분석하였으며, 주요발견사항은 다음과 같다. 먼저 사회복지 주요가치들을 범죄문제와 관련지어 살펴 본 결 과, 예비사회복지사들이 인식하고 있는 우리사회 사회복지 가치 들의 실현정도는 부정적이었다, 분배의 공정성, 법집행의 평등성 에 대한 부정적 평가는 70%에 가까웠다. 이런 까닭에 취약계층 에 대한 법집행의 형평성과 빈곤범죄자 문제에 대한 사회성원들 의 연대감에 높은 동조를 보였다. 한편, 빈곤범죄자 문제에 대한 연대감을 온건동조 집단과 적극동조 집단으로 구분하고 사회복지 주요가치들과의 관련성에 관한 가설을 검증한 결과, 분배의 정의에 대한 인식과 법집행의 평등성에 대한 인식은 빈곤범죄자 문제에 대한 사회적 책임감(연 대감)과 관련이 적었다. 분배의 정의나 법집행의 평등성을 부정 적으로 인식하고 있어도 범죄자를 복지서비스 대상자로 보는 태 도는 소극적임을 보여준다. 반면에 취약계층에 대한 법집행의 형 평성과 사회복지 실천에서 평등과 형평 중 무엇을 중요하게 여 기느냐는 빈곤범죄자 문제에 대한 연대감과 통계적으로 유의미 한 관련성을 보였다. 구체적으로 취약계층에 대한 법집행의 형평 성에 대한 태도가 부정적인 집단보다는 긍정적인 집단이, 그리고 취약계층에 대해 법의 평등한 적용을 중시하는 집단보다는 형평 을 중시하는 집단이 빈곤범죄자 문제에 대한 사회적 책임에 더 욱 동조하였다. 따라서 사회복지사들에게 내면화되어 있는 취약 계층에 대한 형평이나 연대성의 가치는 빈곤범죄자에 대한 사회 복지 실천에도 적용될 수 있을 것으로 보였다. 이를 위해서는 복 지적 관점에서 범죄와 빈곤과의 관련성을 바라보고 이에 대응할 수 있는 사회적 장치가 필요할 것으로 논의하였다. 

Yeunhee Shin

Papers

Structural change in large police agencies during the 1990s

A Study on the PerceptionㆍAttitude of Prospective Social Workers Toward Criminals in Poverty