The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.

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The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors

Inflammation underlies a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Although the pathological aspects of many types of inflammation are well appreciated, their physiological functions are mostly unknown. The classic instigators of inflammation - infection and tissue injury - are at one end of a large range of adverse conditions that induce inflammation, and they trigger the recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the affected tissue site. Tissue stress or malfunction similarly induces an adaptive response, which is referred to here as para-inflammation. This response relies mainly on tissue-resident macrophages and is intermediate between the basal homeostatic state and a classic inflammatory response. Para-inflammation is probably responsible for the chronic inflammatory conditions that are associated with modern human diseases.

Origin and Physiological Roles of Inflammation

BODIPY dyes and their derivatives: syntheses and spectroscopic properties.

Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique.

https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~damlacetin/kmu407/index_dosyalar/4.%20makale.pdf

Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials

A mild chemical modification of hyaluronic acid (HA) provides functionalized derivatives for fabrication of targeted drug delivery systems, wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and probes for cellular binding and transport of HA. First, we describe the use of covalent HA-anti-cancer agents for use as potential therapeutics. Data from cell culture, flow cytometry, and in vivo mouse models support this targcted anti-tumor strategy. Second, we describe new flexible hydrogel films composed of crosslinked chondroitin sulfate (CS) and HA, which have potential as wound dressings capable of biointegration and drug release. Lyophilization and rehydration of these flexible films also provide porous materials for cell growth and tissue engineering. Third, we describe progress on the elucidation of the structure determination of the HA-binding domain (HABD) of RHAMM and the use of this domain to identify peptides that mimic HA.

Hyaluronan biomaterials for targeted drug delivery and wound healing

Glycosaminoglycan hydrogel films for wound healing

Modification of Natural Polymers

A new hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel film was developed and evaluated for use in drug delivery and wound healing. This biocompatible material crosslinks and gels in minutes, and the dried film swells and rehydrates to a flexible hydrogel in seconds. HA was first converted to the adipic dihydrazide (ADH) derivative and then crosslinked with the macromolecular homobifunctional reagent poly(ethylene glycol)-propiondialdehyde (PEG-diald) to give a polymer network. After gelation, a solvent casting method was used to obtain an HA hydrogel film. The dried film swelled sevenfold in volume in buffer, reaching equilibrium in less than 100 sec. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the hydrogel films showed a condensed and featureless structure before swelling, but a porous microstructure when hydrated. The thermal behavior of the hydrogel films, characterized by differential scanning calorimctry, indicated that the crosslinking of the two polymers clearly produced a new material having a microstructure different from either of its two components. The in vitro enzymatic degradation of the HA hydrogel films by hyaluronidase (HAse) was also studied using SEM. Drug release from the hydrogel film was also evaluated in vitro using selected anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. This novel biomaterial can be employed for controlled release of therapeutic agents at wound sites.

Yi Luo

Papers

Hyaluronan biomaterials for targeted drug delivery and wound healing

Glycosaminoglycan hydrogel films for wound healing

Modification of Natural Polymers

Hyaluronic acid hydrogel film: a new biomaterial for drug delivery and wound healing

Pulmonary delivery of liposomes co-loaded with SN38 prodrug and curcumin for the treatment of lung cancer.