AIM: To identify the factors associated with a health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) among adults or older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
METHODS: On the basis of the PRISMA guidelines, primary articles published in English within the period from December 2019 to December 2021 were searched for on five databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL Plus with Full Text. 
RESULTS: The current review identified nine relevant studies with a total of 4,509 adults and older adults. We found that sociodemographic were associated with HPL among both adults and older adults in the COVID-19 era. The findings also asserted that a nurse-led lifestyle intervention is an effective program for improving the self-efficacy and HPL of older adults with chronic illnesses. 
CONCLUSION: According to this review’s findings, individuals and healthcare professionals should consider the sociodemographic and social factors associated with HPL among adults and older adults, it is important to improve and standardize the guidelines for home-based services so that they can be used properly to help them deal with the COVID-19 pandemic and similar health crises.

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Factors Associated with a Health-promoting Lifestyle among Adults and Older Adults in the Era of COVID-19: An Integrative Review

Introduction Individuals with high scores of perceived stress (PS) are more likely to develop arterial hypertension (AH) than those with low levels of stress. In addition to this, AH and stress are both independent risk factors for executive function (EF) impairment and worse quality of life (QoL). Therefore, strategies to control and cope with emotional stress are of paramount importance. However, less is known about the association of PS with EF, QoL, and coping in individuals with hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the association of PS with EF performance, coping strategies use, and QoL in a sample of hypertensive patients. Methods We assessed a group of 45 hypertensive individuals (mean age = 58.42 ± 8.9 years, 71.11% female). The EF evaluation was: Frontal Assessment Battery; Controlled Oral Word Association Test—FAS; Letter-Number Sequencing subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS-III); Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The type and frequency of coping strategies used were measured by the Brief Coping with Experienced Problems Scale (Brief-COPE). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Bref (WHOQOL-bref) was applied to measure QoL. The associations of the PS with EF performance, coping strategies, and QoL were investigated using univariate and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, systolic pressure, and depression symptoms. Results In the multivariate analyses, higher PS was an independent predictor for a lower frequency of emotion-focused strategy use (β = −0.23; p = 0.03). However, PS was not significantly related to EF and Qol in this sample. The lower the PS, the greater the use of emotion-focused coping. Conclusion Hypertensive individuals with high PS use less frequently positive emotion-focused coping strategies.

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Higher Perceived Stress as an Independent Predictor for Lower Use of Emotion-Focused Coping Strategies in Hypertensive Individuals

Health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) is any measure taken to maintain a person’s health. The most important and influential factor in maintaining and enhancing health are health-promoting behaviors (HPB). This study aimed to determine HPB and their predictors among Iranian men. In this cross-sectional study, 783 Iranian men, living in Tehran, were selected, using multistage cluster sampling. The employed questionnaires, namely the sociodemographic questionnaire, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), and the second part of the Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ 85-Part 2), were completed through interviews. The relationship between the dependent variables (HPLP-II and its subdomains) and independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics and social support) was investigated using the adjusted General Linear Model (GLM). The mean ± standard deviation of the total HPLP-II score was 2.72 ± 0.44 in the range of 1–4. Among the six dimensions of the HPB, the participants achieved the highest score (3.00 ± 0.52) and lowest score (1.96 ± 0.56) in spiritual growth and physical activity, respectively. The Pearson test showed that the perceived social support was significantly correlated with HPLP-II (r = 0.23; p < 0.001) and all of its subdomains (r = 0.09–0.24; p < 0.001). Based on the adjusted general linear model, social support, age, job, and income adequacy were the predictors of HPL in men and could explain 30.9% of the variance of the HPL score. The research findings confirmed the importance of social support and modifying variables (social and personal) in the incidence of HPB in men.

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A population-based study of health-promoting behaviors and their predictors in Iranian males, 2019

Pendahuluan: Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang berkontribusi terhadap mortalitas tinggi setiap tahun. Di Indonesia, hipertensi termasuk dalam penyakit yang dominan diderita. Kurangnya aktivitas fisik beresiko meningkatkan terjadinya hipertensi. Faktor ini juga sangat berpotensi mengganggu kualitas hidup penderitanya. Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi korelasi antara aktivitas fisik dan kualitas hidup, serta domain keduanya pada pasien hipertensi Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan potong lintang menggunakan 146 sampel yang direkrut dengan teknik purposive sampling dari dua rumah sakit umum di Sulawesi Tengah. Kuesioner yang digunakan yaitu International Physical Activity Questionnaeire (IPAQ) dan World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Statistik deskriptif (frekuensi, presentasi, rata-rata, standar deviasi, range) dan analisa bivariat (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman Rank) digunakan mencari hubungan antarvariabel. Statistik deskriptif dan analisa bivariat difungsikan dalam mendeskripsikan dan mengidentifikasi hubungan antar variabel. Hasil: Aktivitas fisik berkorelasi signifikan dengan domain kualitas hidup fisik, psikologis, dan sosial (r = 0,26 - 0,34; p < 0,01). Kesimpulan: Pasien hipertensi yang beraktivitas fisik secara optimal, juga mempunyai persepsi yang baik terhadap status kesehatan fisik, psikologis, dan sosialnya. 
  
Introduction: Hypertension contributes to a high mortality anually. In Indonesia, hypertension is common among the population. Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of hypertension. This factor is also very influential on patient’s quality of life.. This study aimed to determine the correlation between physical activity and quality of life (QoL), as well as their domains among hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study with cross-sectional approach using 146 samples recruited by purposive sampling technique from two general hospitals in Central Sulawesi. The questionnaires were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Descriptive statistics (frequency, presentation, mean, standard deviation, range) and bivariate analysis (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman Rank) were used to investigate the relationships between variables. Results: Physical activity had a significant correlation with QoL domains of physical, psychological, and social (r = 0,26 - 0,34; p < 0,01). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients who have optimal physical activity also have a good perception of their physical, psychological, and social status.

Aktivitas fisik dan korelasinya dengan kualitas hidup pada pasien hipertensi

The quality of life of the elderly is determined by physical, emotional, intellectual, social, vocational, and spiritual. The importance of maintaining quality of life is always implemented by healthy living behaviors, eating safe and nutritious food balanced with physical activity to minimize the risk of degenerative diseases. Non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus often occur in the elderly. This is caused by so often eating high-fat foods, and lack of physical activity, which can decrease the quality of life in elderly. This study aims to analyze correlation between the level of fat intake and physical activity with quality of life of elderly. Method used was a cross sectional design with 200 respondents. Data on fat intake was obtained by interview using 2x24 hour food recall questionnaire, while physical activity and Quality of Life used the Social Disengagement Index and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Spearman test (α = 0.05). This study shows that majority of respondents have a good quality of life at a moderate level of fat deficit intake and moderate activity. Results of statistical analysis, level of fat intake with quality of elderly life has a non-significant positive correlation (p> 0.05) with value of correlation is 0.086 or very weak, whereas physical activity has a significant positive correlation with quality of elderly life (p <0.05) with value of correlation is 0.216 or weak. This study concluded that it is important to keep doing physical activities to maintain physical fitness in elderly life.

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KORELASI TINGKAT ASUPAN LEMAK DAN AKTIVITAS FISIK DENGAN KUALITAS HIDUP LANJUT USIA Correlation between Fat Intake and Physical Activity with Quality of Life in Elderly

Hypertension (HTN) related to health-promoting behaviors (HPB) and quality of life (QOL) in older Chinese has not been clearly identified. We sought to compare the HPB and QOL of elderly adults (aged ≥60) living with HTN in China to a community normotensive control group. Using multistage stratified cluster sampling, a sample of 543 elderly people with HTN and 550 with normotension were randomly selected and asked to complete questionnaires. The Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-IICR) and The World Health Organization Quality of life—BREF instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to evaluate the HPB and QOL of elderly adults. As compared to the normotensive elderly, the hypertensive elderly showed significantly lower scores in their spiritual growth and health management (both P < 0.05), but not in the other three domains. Also, the participants with HTN showed significantly lower scores in the QOL overall and physical health (both P < 0.05), but not in other factors, as compared to the participants without HTN. Each HPLP-IICR domain score among the elderly with or without HTN were significantly correlated with their QOL scores (all P < 0.01). It is suggested that more attention should be paid to improving the spiritual growth and health management of HBP, and thus the overall quality of life among hypertensive patients.

Ying Guo

Papers

Health-promoting behaviors and quality of life in older adults with hypertension as compared to a community control group.