and stability rest in large measure on the internal security of nations. Analysts have long examined factors such as arms transfers and ethnic violence in this regard, but the list now includes variables that were not traditionally viewed as related to national security. Unemployment rates, water tables and river oows, infant mortality, migration patterns, infectious disease epidemiology, and a whole host of other variables that tap into the general stability of a society are now understood to affect security. To understand the long-term security dynamics of a region, one must inquire into what Thomas Homer-Dixon and others have termed the “environmental security” of the nations therein. Our own research is surely located in that aeld of inquiry, yet we contemplate a variable that has been by and large neglected even by scholars of environmental security. One overlooked wellspring of insecurity, we argue, is exaggerated gender inequality. Security scholarship is theoretically and empirically impoverished to the extent that it fails to inquire into the relationship between violence against women and violence within and between societies. We believe that our research demonstrates that the long-term security trajectory of a region is affected by this relationship. A Surplus of Men, A Deacit of Peace

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A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States

This study applies the integrated, multilevel framework developed in the West to explain variation in the risk of household burglary within the city of Tianjin, China The analytic framework consists of three sets of determinants: household variables, neighbourhood structural factors, and neighbourhood social control processes The selection of variables is guided by routine activities/lifestyle theories and the social disorganization perspective, adapted to refl ect features of urban China The results of multilevel regression modeling reveal that indicators of target attractiveness (household income) and guardianship (length of residence and ‘ somebody home ’ ) exhibit the predicted effects on the risk of household burglary Similarly, the effects of two of the neighbourhood process variables — collective effi cacy and public control — conform to theoretical expectations and fi ndings in Western research The results for the neighbourhood structural factors are inconsistent with those widely reported in the West These analyses demonstrate the applicability of elements of Western criminological theory to contemporary urban China but also reveal important differences in the ecological dynamics of crime across contexts

A multilevel analysis of the risk of household burglary in the city of tianjin, china

This chapter discusses how the concept of place and related geographic methodologies has been used in understanding health and health care, and it suggests avenues of exploration for research on substance abuse. ‘Place’ provides a foundation for understanding how substance abuse behaviors, prevention, and treatment relate to place environments from the personal to the global scale. I describe three main areas of contribution: exploring geographic inequalities in health; understanding the associations between place environments and health; and analyzing disparities in health care access and location. Each of these topics is discussed, in turn, emphasizing important themes and recent developments in health/medical geography literature and their applicability to research on substance use and abuse.

Geography and Drug Addiction

This paper examines if and how temporary migration increases the risk for HIV/STDs in China. Results suggest that temporary migrants had significantly higher prevalence of HIV-risk sexual and drug using behaviours but no significant differences were found between migrants and non-migrants in prevalence of HIV/STDs. Employing logistic regression analysis, we examined three mechanisms--lax social control, social isolation and migrant selectivity--by which the process of migration may lead to behaviour changes that increase migrants' HIV/STD risks. Results indicate that post-migration lax social control was the most significant mediating factor between migration and HIV risk behaviours. Temporary migrants are at high risk of HIV/STDs. Prevention interventions need to pay particular attention to migrants' post-migration lax social control.

Migration, behaviour change and HIV/STD risks in China.

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8543094/download

Social Capital and Economic Integration of Migrants in Urban China.

A new social problem of transient population from countryside is associated with a significant increase in the crime rate and fear of crime in major Chinese cities. Based upon the findings from the researchers' field observations and interviews, this study found that the massive rural-urban migration has challenged the previously effective control system and raised a strong demand for change. The Chinese experience in dealing with transient population further supports the control perspective: Both internal and external control are critical for preventing crime as well as fostering law-abiding behaviors.

Yingyi Situ

Papers

Transient Population, Crime, and Solution: The Chinese Experience: