Considering the increase of urban population and traffic congestion, smart parking is always a strategic issue to work on, not only in the research field, but also from economic interests. Thanks to information and communication technology evolution, drivers can more efficiently find satisfying parking spaces with smart parking services. The existing and ongoing works on smart parking are complicated and transdisciplinary. While deploying a smart parking system, cities, as well as urban engineers, need to spend a very long time to survey and inspect all the possibilities. Moreover, many varied works involve multiple disciplines, which are closely linked and inseparable. To give a clear overview, we introduce a smart parking ecosystem and propose a comprehensive and thoughtful classification by identifying their functionalities and problematic focuses. We go through the literature over the period of 2000–2016 on parking solutions as they were applied to smart parking development and evolution, and propose three macro-themes: information collection, system deployment, and service dissemination. In each macro-theme, we explain and synthesize the main methodologies used in the existing works and summarize their common goals and visions to solve current parking difficulties. Finally, we give our engineering insights and show some challenges and open issues. Our survey gives an exhaustive study and a prospect in a multidisciplinary approach. Besides, the main findings of the current state-of-the-art throw out recommendations for future research on smart cities and the Internet architecture.

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A Survey of Smart Parking Solutions

The rapid increase in vehicle population in recent years have given rise to a number of global problems such as air pollution, blockage of roads, waste of fuel and time. These issues exist due to the congestion caused by vehicles while finding the parking slot especially in metropolitan cities. Even today, many of the existing parking systems provide a passive information to the drivers regarding the availability of parking slots. Currently, the sensors deployed for detecting the vehicle presence in parking facilities are not reliable and are expensive. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on crucial aspects for designing a smart parking system such as sensor selection and optimal position for sensor deployment for accurate detection. Initially, two most common sensor, Light Dependable Resistor (LDR) sensor that works on shadow detection principal and Infra-Red (IR) sensor which works on object detection mechanism are used. The performance analysis of the accuracy for detection of vacant parking slots and vehicle detection under different conditions is presented. It is concluded that IR sensor outperforms LDR sensor in terms of it's accuracy in detecting the vacant parking slots and vehicle detection in different environmental factors.

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Performance Analysis of Proximity and Light Sensors for Smart Parking

Smart Parking Sensors: State of the Art and Performance Evaluation

This study introduces the concept of space preferences to enhance the operation of recurrent-users car parking systems. On campus, at KFUPM, several parking buildings are available for students, employees, and faculty. Still, substantial amount of time is wasted just looking for a suitable parking space. The authors propose to enrol all users together with their top ranked preferred parking spots and pedestrian exit of choice. Upon presentation of the user ID card, the system retrieves their preferences, matches them to the updated database of vacant spots, then directs the user to their topmost vacant parking spot. The system directs the user to the nearest parking building if no vacancy. Two options have been evaluated to detect parking vacancies: one is based on ultrasonic sensors and the second uses a set of cameras. The sensor-based system was built around an Arduino platform paired with a wireless channel for communication. For the camera-based system, the authors introduce a new set of features mixing both edge and texture information from the parking spot images. A performance analysis of both systems was carried showing that the sensor-based implementation outperforms the camera-based one for the authors' specific application with an accuracy of 100 and 98%, respectively.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5207

Preference-based smart parking system in a university campus

The parking process is common attempt to eliminate traffic in the road by providing certain spot for vehicle to stay for certain time. Considering the increase of amount of population, large parking area horizontally or vertically is not necessary proper solution because it requires enormous expenses to acquire vacant land or to construct high-rise building. Therefore, smart parking system is one solution to provide information on the availability of vacant parking locations efficiently and conduct identification and transaction process quickly. Telkom University has been adopted this system by using physical card with RFID built-in for handling, convenience and security purposes since October 2014. Even though, it deliver an easy way for verification and validation but some problem occurred that raise several complaints from student and staff. This study has objective to explore the challenges and to addresses the issues faced by smart parking system, which has been implemented in subsequent years. By identifying the solution, it can improve the quality of the system for greater purpose in the future.

Analysis of Project Integration on Smart Parking System in Telkom University

for multi-floor parking facility using WSN. The system monitors the availability of free parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest free slot. Additional information such as the amount of time the vehicle has been parked is also monitored for billing purposes along with the status of each mote. Cost is minimized by keeping the number of sensors lower without sacrificing the reliability. Energy consumption of each mote is kept in check by allowing the systems to sleep periodically and by reducing their communication range.

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Smart Parking System using Wireless Sensor Networks

Ambient Intelligence is a vision in which various devices come together and process information from multiple sources in order to exert control on the physical environment. In addition to computation and control, communication plays a crucial role in the overall functionality of such a system. Wireless Sensor Networks are one such class of networks, which meet these criteria. These networks consist of spatially distributed sensor motes which work in a co-operative manner to sense and control the environment. In this work, an implementation of an energy-efficient and cost-effective, wireless sensor networks based vehicle parking system for a multi-floor indoor parking facility has been introduced. The system monitors the availability of free parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest free slot. The amount of time the vehicle has been parked is monitored for billing purposes. The status of the motes (dead/alive) is also recorded. Information like slot allocated, directions to the slot and billing data is sent as a message to customer's mobile phones. This paper extends our previous work (1) with the development of a low cost sensor mote, about one tenth the cost of a commercially available mote, keeping in mind the price sensitive markets of the developing countries. Copyright © 2014 IFSA Publishing, S. L..

Yogish Didagi

Papers

Smart Parking System using Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network based smart parking system