There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.

Digital Watermarking

The Transmission Control Protocol.

Transfer functions of acoustic systems often exhibit wide dynamic ranges and very long impulse responses. A ‘‘time‐stretched’’ pulse as proposed by Aoshima (ATSP), though originally given in a very specific form seems to be one of the most promising signals to measure transfer functions with characteristics of acoustic system mentioned as above. In this paper, this pulse (ATSP) is first generalized and then optimized for the measurement of long impulse responses. This optimized ATSP (OATSP) has an almost ideal characteristic to measure impulse responses shorter than its specific length N. Moreover, it is newly shown in this paper that OATSP has also a good characteristic to measure impulse responses longer than N. Discussion is presented on how to design OATSP suitable for a specific situation of measurement by analyzing errors, when the pulse is used to measure impulse responses longer than N.

An optimum computer-generated pulse signal suitable for the measurement of very long impulse responses

The role of spectral cues in the sound source to ear transfer function in median plane sound localization is investigated in this paper. At first, transfer functions were measured and analyzed. Then, these transfer functions were used in experiments where sounds from a source on the median plane were simulated and presented to subjects through headphones. In these simulation experiments, the transfer functions were smoothed by ARMA models with different degrees of simplification to investigate the role of microscopic and macroscopic patterns in the transfer functions for median plane localization. The results of the study are summarized as follows: (1) For front–rear judgment, information derived from microscopic peaks and dips in the low‐frequency region (below 2 kHz) and the macroscopic patterns in the high‐frequency region seems to be utilized; (2) for judgment of elevation angle, major cues exist in the high‐frequency region above 5 kHz. The information in macroscopic patterns is utilized instead of that in small peaks and dips.

Role of spectral cues in median plane localization.

Equal-loudness-level contours provide the foundation for theoretical and practical analyses of intensity-frequency characteristics of auditory systems. Since 1956 equal-loudness-level contours based on the free-field measurements of Robinson and Dadson [Br. J. Appl. Phys. 7, 166–181 (1956)] have been widely accepted. However, in 1987 some questions about the general applicability of these contours were published [H. Fastl and E. Zwicker, Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA ’87, pp. 189–193 (1987)]. As a result, a new international effort to measure equal-loudness-level contours was undertaken. The present paper brings together the results of 12 studies starting in the mid-1980s to arrive at a new set of contours. The new contours estimated in this study are compared with four sets of classic contours taken from the available literature. The contours described by Fletcher and Munson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82–108 (1933)] exhibit some overall similarity to our proposed estimated contours in the mid-frequency range up to 60 phons. The contours described by Robinson and Dadson exhibit clear differences from the new contours. These differences are most pronounced below 500 Hz and the discrepancy is often as large as 14 dB.

Equal-loudness-level contours for pure tones.

In perceiving the sound produced by the movement of a visible object, the brain coordinates the auditory and visual input1,2,3 so that no delay is noticed even though the sound arrives later (for distant source objects, such as aircraft or firework displays, this is less effective). Here we show that coordination occurs because the brain uses information about distance that is supplied by the visual system to calibrate simultaneity. Our findings indicate that auditory and visual inputs are coordinated not because the brain has a wide temporal window for auditory integration, as was previously thought, but because the brain actively changes the temporal location of the window depending on the distance of the visible sound source.

Implicit estimation of sound-arrival time

Conventional watermarking techniques based on echo hiding provide many benefits, but also have several disadvantages, for example, a lenient decoding process, weakness against multiple encoding attacks, etc. In this paper, to improve the weak points of conventional echo hiding, we propose a time-spread echo as an alternative to the single echo in conventional echo hiding. Spreading an echo in the time domain is achieved by using pseudonoise (PN) sequences. By spreading the echo, the amplitude of each echo can be reduced, i.e., the energy of each echo becomes small, so that the distortion induced by watermarking is imperceptible to humans while the decoding performance of the embedded watermarks is better maintained as compared with the case of conventional echo hiding, as shown by computer simulations, in which several parameters, such as the amplitude and length of PN sequences and analysis window length, were varied. Robustness against typical signal processing was also evaluated in these simulations and showed fair performance. Results of a listening test using some pieces of music showed good imperceptibility.

Yôiti Suzuki

Papers

An optimum computer-generated pulse signal suitable for the measurement of very long impulse responses

Role of spectral cues in median plane localization.

Equal-loudness-level contours for pure tones.

Implicit estimation of sound-arrival time

Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarking