Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

A number of image processing techniques IPTs have been implemented for detecting civil infrastructure defects to partially replace human-conducted onsite inspections. These IPTs are primarily used to manipulate images to extract defect features, such as cracks in concrete and steel surfaces. However, the extensively varying real-world situations e.g., lighting and shadow changes can lead to challenges to the wide adoption of IPTs. To overcome these challenges, this article proposes a vision-based method using a deep architecture of convolutional neural networks CNNs for detecting concrete cracks without calculating the defect features. As CNNs are capable of learning image features automatically, the proposed method works without the conjugation of IPTs for extracting features. The designed CNN is trained on 40 K images of 256 × 256 pixel resolutions and, consequently, records with about 98% accuracy. The trained CNN is combined with a sliding window technique to scan any image size larger than 256 × 256 pixel resolutions. The robustness and adaptability of the proposed approach are tested on 55 images of 5,888 × 3,584 pixel resolutions taken from a different structure which is not used for training and validation processes under various conditions e.g., strong light spot, shadows, and very thin cracks. Comparative studies are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed CNN using traditional Canny and Sobel edge detection methods. The results show that the proposed method shows quite better performances and can indeed find concrete cracks in realistic situations.

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Deep Learning-Based Crack Damage Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

A comprehensive review on modal parameter-based damage identification methods for beam- or plate-type structures is presented, and the damage identification algorithms in terms of signal processing...

Vibration-based Damage Identification Methods: A Review and Comparative Study:

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Regularization Of Inverse Problems

Structures in Other Domains The methodology of structural analysis discussed in this article has been applied beyond the narrow realm of natural language syntax that we have discussed in this article. Within the study of language, similar methods of analysis have been pervasively applied to the study of sounds (phonology), words (morphology), and meanings (semantics), yielding a range of of abstract structural representations whose properties bear considerable explanatory burden. There are a wealth of cases in each of these domains analogous to those discussed here, though space prevents us from going in these (see Akmajian, Demers, Farmer and Harnish 1995 for a traditional overview, and Jackendo 1994 for one more focused on connections with cognitive science). Additionally, these representations have shed substantial light on the processes of language acquisition and language change. It has been found that variation in the types of sentences that are used, whether during the course of children's acquisition of their native languages or in the centuries-long periods of linguistic change, are best characterized not as super cial and haphazard alterations, but rather in terms of parametric modi cations to the fundamental underlying grammatical rules and constraints. Moving outside the domain of language, one application of these same methods has been in the study of music cognition. Just as the representations of linguistic theory arise out of an attempt to model speakers' intuitions about well-formedness and possible meanings of the sentences of their

Structural analysis

The Guangzhou New TV Tower (GNTVT), currently being constructed in Guangzhou, China, is a supertall structure with a height of 610 m. This tube-in-tube structure comprises a reinforced concrete inner tube and a steel outer tube adopting concrete-filled-tube columns. A sophisticated structural health monitoring (SHM) system consisting of over 600 sensors has been designed and is being implemented by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University to GNTVT for both in-construction and in-service real-time monitoring. This paper outlines the technology innovation in developing and implementing this SHM system, which includes (i) modular design of the SHM system, (ii) integration of the in-construction monitoring system and the in-service monitoring system, (iii) wireless-based data acquisition and Internet-based remote data transmission, (iv) design and implementation of a fiber Bragg grating sensing system,(v) structural health and condition assessment using static and dynamic monitoring data, (vi) verification of the effectiveness of vibration control devices by the SHM system, and (vii) development of an SHM benchmark problem by taking GNTVT as a test bed and using real-world measurement data. Preliminary monitoring data including those obtained during the Wenchuan earthquake and recent typhoons are also presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Technology innovation in developing the structural health monitoring system for Guangzhou New TV Tower

Long term vibration monitoring of an RC slab: Temperature and humidity effect

Vibration-based methods are being rapidly applied to detect structural damage. The usual approaches incorporate sensitivity analysis and the optimization algorithm to minimize the discrepancies between the measured vibration data and the analytical data. However, conventional optimization methods are gradient based and usually lead to a local minimum only. Genetic algorithms explore the region of the whole solution space and can obtain the global optimum. In this paper, a genetic algorithm with real number encoding is applied to identify the structural damage by minimizing the objective function, which directly compares the changes in the measurements before and after damage. Three different criteria are considered, namely, the frequency changes, the mode shape changes, and a combination of the two. A laboratory tested cantilever beam and a frame are used to demonstrate the proposed technique. Numerical results show that the damaged elements can be detected by genetic algorithm, even when the analytical m...

Vibration-based Damage Detection of Structures by Genetic Algorithm

Civil structure condition assessment by FE model updating: methodology and case studies

Changing environmental conditions, especially temperature, have been observed to be a complicated factor affecting vibration properties, such as frequencies, mode shapes, and damping, of civil structures. This paper reviews technical literature concerning variations in vibration properties of civil structures under changing temperature conditions. Most of these studies focus on variations in frequencies of bridge structures, with some studies on variations in mode shapes and damping and other types of structures. Statistical approaches to correlation between temperature and frequencies are also reviewed. A quantitative analysis shows that variations in material modulus under different temperatures are the major cause of the variations in vibration properties. A comparative study on different structures made of different materials is carried out in laboratory. Two real structures, the 1,377-m main span Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge and the 600-m-tall Guangzhou New Television Tower, are examined. Both laboratory experiments and field testing, regardless of different construction materials used and structural types, verify the quantitative analysis. Variations in frequencies of reinforced concrete structures are much more significant than those of steel structures.

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Yong Xia

Papers

Technology innovation in developing the structural health monitoring system for Guangzhou New TV Tower

Long term vibration monitoring of an RC slab: Temperature and humidity effect

Vibration-based Damage Detection of Structures by Genetic Algorithm

Civil structure condition assessment by FE model updating: methodology and case studies

Temperature effect on vibration properties of civil structures: a literature review and case studies