A method, an antenna, and a system for determining positions for reflection points using microwaves. An electromagnetic wave signal is generated at a defined frequency, and transmitted by an antenna unit (30). The antenna unit (30) includes a transmitter antenna and a plurality of receiver antennas, separated by a known spacing perpendicular to a main line of sight (z) and devised to receive reflected portions of the transmitted wave. Phase comparator means are connected to the transmitter antenna and the receiver antennas, and a control unit connected to the phase comparator means is operable to calculate an angle (φ,θ) to a reflection point (P) from detected phase difference between at least two receiver antennas and the spacing between said at least two receiver antennas, and to calculate a distance (r) to the reflection point (P) from detected phase difference between the transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna dependent on the frequency.

Multi-dimensional imaging method and apparatus

An apparatus and method for non-intrusive collection of off-gas data in a steelmaking furnace (100) includes structure and steps for transmitting a laser beam (300) through the off-gas produced by a steelmaking furnace, for controlling the transmitting to repeatedly scan the laser beam through a plurality of wavelengths in its tuning range, and for detecting (400) the laser beam transmitted through the off-gas and converting (600) the detected laser beam to an electrical signal. The electrical signal is processed to determine characteristics of the off-gas that are used to analyze and/or control the steelmaking process.

Method and apparatus for off-gas composition sensing

The method of measuring electromagnetic waves emanating from the interior of a melt (3), in particular metal melt, involves blowing gas into the melt (3) to form a gas-filled cavity (26) and observation and evaluation of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the melt (3) through the inblown gas by directing the electromagnetic waves via an optical system (20) to a detector (22) for determining temperature and/or chemical composition. To eliminate spurious measurements, the emitted electromagnetic waves are separated from electromagnetic waves (36, 37, 39, 40) aligned obliquely relative to the optical axis (38) of the optical system (20) and present outside a boundary radius (41) drawn from that optical axis (38). This is done by: deviating these electromagnetic waves from the optical axis (38) in a wave scattering device (42) of the optical system (20) so that only electromagnetic waves aligned more or less parallel to the optical axis (38) of the optical system (20) reach a detector (22) located downstream of the optical system (20); and/or by displacing the optical system (20) and aligning the optical axis (38) of said system relative to the cavity (26) until the intensity of the emitted electromagnetic waves when evaluated reaches a maximum value.

Method and device for measuring electromagnetic waves emanating from a melt

Studies of the Bath Mixing Intensity in Converter Steelmaking Processes

This invention provides a method of observing the interior of a furnace by viewing, at a remote location, the image depicted by a pinhole camera sited in or within the furnace housing. The image may be real and viewed directly or via a reflective or fibre optic transmission system, or alternatively a video camera may be employed, in this instance the 'screen' of the camera may be constituted by light responsive elements, e.g. charge coupled devices. The camera may typically be sited in the furnace wall or roof and a pressurised blast of air or an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen or argon, may be employed for maintaining the integrity of the pinhole.

Observation of furnace interiors

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING SLAG-FORMING CONDITIONS WITHIN CONVERTER ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method and apparatus for directly observing the slag-forming conditions in a vessel interior (3). A device (5) for observing the vessel interior light is disposed in a throughhole (4) extending through the side wall 20 of a top-blowing or top- and bottom-blowing converter to reach the vessel interior (3). The converter operation can be carried out at a high accuracy on the basis of this observation.

Method and apparatus for measuring slag-foam conditions within a converter

A method for operating a converter on the basis of a direct observation of the slag-forming conditions in a vessel interior. A device for observing the vessel-interior light is disposed in a throughhole extending through the side wall of a top-blowing or top- and bottom-blowing converter to reach the vessel interior. The converter operation can be carried out at a high accuracy of the slag-amount control on the basis of this observation.

Method for operating a converter used for steel refining

The possibility of blowing control based on exhaust gas data was studied. The amount of oxygen accumulated in LD converter (Os), which is calculated from the oxygen balance by using exhaust gas data, corresponds to the amount of FeO, Fe2O3 and MnO in the slag during blowing.When the refining reaction was controlled by Os control, the carbon, phosphorus and manganese contents of steel and the total iron content of slag at blow end were controlled at preferable levels and the fluctuations of levels were remarkably reduced. Namely, Os is an effective parameter representing the progress of the reaction and can be used to control the blowing at an optimum level.

Dynamic Refining Control by Analysis of Exhaust Gas from LD Converter

Refining Control of Top- and Bottom-blowing Converter by Manipulating Bottom-blown Gas Flow Rate

An oxygen blow steelmaking furnace comprises a device for supplying materials for blowing into the furnace, a plurality of sensing devices, and a computer control device. The supplying device supplies into the furnace oxygen and fluxes from above and, as occasion demands, at least one of oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert gas from below. The sensing devices individually respond to different properties that represent the blowing condition. The computer control device sets a program for the blow based on the charging and blowing-out conditions, responds to the sensing devices, and outputs the operating instructions to the supplying device. The computer control device includes a device that determines the oxygen content is slag based on the aforementioned properties and the amount of operational correction according to the deviation between the computed and targeted oxygen contents, and a device that estimates, immediately before the completion of the blow, the temperature and carbon content of the hot metal at the end point based on the aforesaid properties and oxygen content in slag and determines the amount of operational correction according to the difference between the estimated and targeted hot-metal temperatures and carbon contents.

Yoshida Toru

Papers

Method and apparatus for measuring slag-foam conditions within a converter

Method for operating a converter used for steel refining

Dynamic Refining Control by Analysis of Exhaust Gas from LD Converter

Refining Control of Top- and Bottom-blowing Converter by Manipulating Bottom-blown Gas Flow Rate

Oxygen-blown steelmaking furnace