An electro-optical device having a plurality of pixels including a plurality of EL elements, wherein the electro-optical device provides a gray scale display by controlling a period of time at which the plurality of the EL elements emit light in one frame period; the plurality of the EL elements have a first electrode and a second electrode; the first electrode is held at a constant potential; and a potential of the second electrode changes in such a manner that a polarity of an EL driving voltage, which is a difference between the potentials applied to the first and second electrodes, is inverted for each one frame period.

Electro-optical device

There is provided a pattern forming method comprising (i) a step of forming a film by using an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition containing (A) a resin capable of increasing the polarity by the action of an acid to decrease the solubility for an organic solvent-containing developer, (B) a compound capable of generating an acid upon irradiation with an actinic ray or radiation, (C) a solvent, and (D) a resin substantially free from a fluorine atom and a silicon atom and different from the resin (A), (ii) a step of exposing the film, and (iii) a step of performing development by using an organic solvent-containing developer to form a negative pattern.

Pattern forming method, actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition, resist film, manufacturing method of electronic device, and electronic device

A process for the production of dialkyl carbonates from the reaction of alcohol, for example C1-C3 alcohols, with urea is disclosed wherein the water and ammonium carbamates impurities in the feed are removed in a prereactor. The water is reacted with urea in the feed to produce ammonium carbamate which is decomposed along with the ammonium carbamates originally in the feed to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In addition some of the urea is reacted with the alcohol in the first reactor to produce alkyl carbamate which is a precursor to dialkyl carbonate. Dialkyl carbonates are produced in the second reaction zone. The undesired by-product N-alkyl alkyl carbamates are continuously distilled off from the second reaction zone along with ammonia, alcohol and dialkyl carbonates under the steady state reactor operation. N-alkyl alkyl carbamates can be converted to heterocyclic compounds in a third reaction zone to remove as solids from the system.

Process for making dialkyl carbonates

A process for producing dialkyl carbonates, such as dimethyl carbonate, from the reaction of a primary alcohol with urea in the presence of a novel catalyst which is a complex of organotin with a high boiling electron donor compound acting as solvent which are bidentate ligands which form 1:1 bidentate and/or 1:2 monodentate adducts with R'2SnX2 (X=C1, R'O, R'COO or R'COS), R'3SnX, R'2SnO, Ph3-nR'SnXn or Ph4-nSnXn (wherein R'=CqH2q-1 n = 0, 1 or 2 and q = 2 to 12) and mixtures thereof, such as materials having the general formula RO[CH2(CH2)kCH2O]mR, wherein each R is independently selected from C1-12 alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl moieties, k = 0, 1, 2 or 3 and m = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Process and catalyst for making dialkyl carbonates

A compound having a group represented by formula (Ia): wherein R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a C 1 to C 8 fluorinated alkyl group, ring W represents a C 5 to C 18 alicyclic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent, and * represents a binding site.

Compound, resin, resist composition and method for producing resist pattern

An antiferroelectric liquid crystal compound which is a compound represented by ##STR1## wherein R denotes a linear aliphatic alkyl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms; A denotes a single bond or an oxygen atom; X and Y independently denote a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom but they are not hydrogen atoms at the same time; h and i are independently 1 or 2; m is an integer of 3 to 10; Z denotes CH3, C2 H5 or CF3 ; k is 0 or an integer of 5 to 8; l is 0 or 1; n is an integer of 1 to 6; W denotes CH3 or CF3 ; when W is CH3, p and q are both 0 and r is 8; when W is CF3, p is 5 to 8, q is 1 and r is 1 to 4; and C* denotes an asymmetric carbon atom, and a liquid crystal display device using same.

Liquid crystal compound and liquid crystal display device

An anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal composition consisting essentially of an anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal (A) and a ferrielectric liquid crystal (B) shows a low threshold voltage so that the driving voltage can be decreased, and the composition can give a liquid crystal display device utilizing a fast response time or switching among tristabile states, a distinct threshold voltage characteristic and excellent memory performance.

Anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal display

An antiferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising: 
   at least one antiferroelectric liquid crystal substance of formula (1),
    wherein R¹ is a linear alkyl group, A¹ is -O- or a single bond, each of X¹ and Y¹ independently is H or F, Z¹ is -CH₃, -CF₃ or -C₂H₅ , each of j and k independently is 1 or 2, l is 0 or an integer of 5 or more, m is 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 or more, and 
   at least one optically active substance of formula (2),
    wherein R² is a linear alkyl group, A² is -O- or a single bond, each of X² and Y² independently is H or F, Z² is -CH₃ or -CF₃, l is 0 or an integer of 5 or more, m is 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 or more, provided that l is 0 when Z² is -CH₃ or an integer of 5 or more when Z² is -CF₃ and m is 0 when Z² is -CH₃ or 1 when Z z is -CF₃.

liquid crystal composition

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for efficiently producing a diaryl carbonate from urea and an aromatic hydroxy compound. SOLUTION: This method for producing a diaryl carbonate comprises three processes of [A] a process for reacting urea with an alkyl alcohol of formula I to produce a dialkyl carbonate of formula II, [B] a process for reacting the dialkyl carbonate produced by the process [A] with an aromatic hydroxy compound of formula III to produce an alkyl aryl carbonate of formula IV and [C] a process for disproportionating the alkyl acryl carbonate produced by the process [B] to produce a diaryl carbonate of formula V. In the formula, R is an alkyl group and Ar is a phenyl group which is nonsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group or a halogen.

Production of diaryl carbonate

A process for producing a dialkyl carbonate which comprises reacting at least one member selected from the group consisting of urea and alkyl carbamate with alcohol in the presence of both a catalyst and a high boiling point organic compound having a boiling point of 180° C. or above.

Yoshihisa Arai

Papers

Liquid crystal compound and liquid crystal display device

Anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal display

liquid crystal composition

Production of diaryl carbonate

Process for producing dialkyl carbonate