Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

Mobile and stationary energy storage by rechargeable batteries is a topic of broad societal and economical relevance. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is at the forefront of the development, but a massively growing market will likely put severe pressure on resources and supply chains. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been reconsidered with the aim of providing a lower-cost alternative that is less susceptible to resource and supply risks. On paper, the replacement of lithium by sodium in a battery seems straightforward at first, but unpredictable surprises are often found in practice. What happens when replacing lithium by sodium in electrode reactions? This review provides a state-of-the art overview on the redox behavior of materials when used as electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. Advantages and challenges related to the use of sodium instead of lithium are discussed.

From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises.

Our increasing dependence on lithium-ion batteries for energy storage calls for continual improvements in the performance of their positive electrodes, which have so far relied solely on cationic redox of transition-metal ions for driving the electrochemical reactions. Great hopes have recently been placed on the emergence of anionic redox—a transformational approach for designing positive electrodes as it leads to a near-doubling of capacity. But questions have been raised about the fundamental origins of anionic redox and whether its full potential can be realized in applications. In this Review, we discuss the underlying science that triggers a reversible and stable anionic redox activity. Furthermore, we highlight its practical limitations and outline possible approaches for improving such materials and designing new ones. We also summarize their chances for market implementation in the face of the competing nickel-based layered cathodes that are prevalent today. The discovery of anionic redox chemistry in Li-rich cathode materials provides much hope for enhancing battery performance. Tarascon and Assat analyse the underlying science behind anionic redox and discuss its practical limitations as well as the routes to overcome the application barriers.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03315776/document

Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries

Li-ion battery commercialized by Sony in 1991 has the highest energy-density among practical rechargeable batteries and is widely used in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage system in the world. Moreover, the battery market is rapidly growing in the world and further fast-growing is expected. With expansion of the demand and applications, price of lithium and cobalt resources is increasing. We are, therefore, motivated to study Na- and K-ion batteries for stationary energy storage system because of much abundant Na and K resources and the wide distribution in the world. In this account, we review developments of Na- and K-ion batteries with mainly introducing our previous and present researches in comparison to that of Li-ion battery.

Towards K-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries as "Beyond Li-Ion".

The increasing demand for replacing conventional fossil fuels with clean energy or economical and sustainable energy storage drives better battery research today. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a promising alternative for grid-scale storage applications due to their similar “rocking-chair” sodium storage mechanism to lithium-ion batteries, the natural abundance, and the low cost of Na resources. Searching for appropriate electrode materials with acceptable electrochemical performance is the key point for development of SIBs. Layered transition metal oxides represent one of the most fascinating electrode materials owing to their superior specific capacity, environmental benignity, and facile synthesis. However, three major challenges (irreversible phase transition, storage instability, and insufficient battery performance) are known for cathodes in SIBs. Herein, a comprehensive review on the latest advances and progresses in the exploration of layered oxides for SIBs is presented, and a detailed and deep understanding of the relationship of phase transition, air stability, and electrochemical performance in layered oxide cathodes is provided in terms of refining the structure–function–property relationship to design improved battery materials. Layered oxides will be a competitive and attractive choice as cathodes for SIBs in next-generation energy storage devices.

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

To realize a reversible solid-state MnIII/IV redox couple in layered oxides, co-operative Jahn–Teller distortion (CJTD) of six-coordinate MnIII (t2g3–eg1) is a key factor in terms of structural and physical properties. We develop a single-phase synthesis route for two polymorphs, namely distorted and undistorted P2-type Na2/3MnO2 having different Mn stoichiometry, and investigate how the structural and stoichiometric difference influences electrochemical reaction. The distorted Na2/3MnO2 delivers 216 mAh g−1 as a 3 V class positive electrode, reaching 590 Wh (kg oxide)−1 with excellent cycle stability in a non-aqueous Na cell and demonstrates better electrochemical behavior compared to undistorted Na2/3MnO2. Furthermore, reversible phase transitions correlated with CJTD are found upon (de)sodiation for distorted Na2/3MnO2, providing a new insight into utilization of the MnIII/IV redox couple for positive electrodes of Na-ion batteries.

Sodium and Manganese Stoichiometry of P2-Type Na2/3 MnO2.

Single-phase samples of differently distorted P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2 (Me = Mg, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) are synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction. Cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion, which causes an orthorhombic lattice from a distortion-free hexagonal lattice, proportionally increases with increase in the concentration of Jahn-Teller ions of MnIII and CuII in P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2. All of samples deliver initial reversible capacity approaching 230 mAh g-1 in non-aqueous Na cells. The redox potential of Mn(III/IV) with sodium extraction is highly correlated with degree of the dis-tortion. Because CuII is only Jahn-Teller active among the substituent ions, P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Cu0.1O2 has remarkable distor-tion than other samples, resulting in both better cycle and rate performances in Na cells.

P′2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2 (Me = Mg, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn): Correlation between Orthorhombic Distortion and Electrochemical Property

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li4MoO5–NiO Binary System as Positive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li4MoO5—NiO Binary System as Positive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.

La presente invention concerne un materiau de cathode a base d'un metal de transition et de sodium pour une batterie au sodium rechargeable, possedant une structure cristalline orthorhombique P2 en couches de bronze comprenant un groupe espaceur Cmcm , et possedant une composition Na x M y Mn 1-y Li y A z O 2 sachant que 0,60 0.

Yoshiyuki Tahara

Papers

Sodium and Manganese Stoichiometry of P2-Type Na2/3 MnO2.

P′2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2 (Me = Mg, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn): Correlation between Orthorhombic Distortion and Electrochemical Property

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li4MoO5–NiO Binary System as Positive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li4MoO5—NiO Binary System as Positive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.

Dopage de métaux divalents pour oxyde de manganèse et de sodium utilisé comme matériaux de cathode pour batteries à ions sodium