Most current statistical natural language processing models use only local features so as to permit dynamic programming in inference, but this makes them unable to fully account for the long distance structure that is prevalent in language use. We show how to solve this dilemma with Gibbs sampling, a simple Monte Carlo method used to perform approximate inference in factored probabilistic models. By using simulated annealing in place of Viterbi decoding in sequence models such as HMMs, CMMs, and CRFs, it is possible to incorporate non-local structure while preserving tractable inference. We use this technique to augment an existing CRF-based information extraction system with long-distance dependency models, enforcing label consistency and extraction template consistency constraints. This technique results in an error reduction of up to 9% over state-of-the-art systems on two established information extraction tasks.

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Incorporating Non-local Information into Information Extraction Systems by Gibbs Sampling

This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

High strength Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels development — properties — application

Neural networks

The 𝜎 phase which exists in various series of stainless steels is a significant subject in steels science and engineering. The precipitation of the 𝜎 phase is also a widely discussed aspect of the science and technology of stainless steels. The microstructural variation, precipitation mechanism, prediction method, and effects of properties of 𝜎 phase are also of importance in academic discussions. In the first section, a brief introduction to the development and the precipitation characteristics (including morphologies and precipitation sites) of 𝜎 phase in stainless steels is presented. In the second section, the properties effect, prediction method, processing effect, elemental addition, retardation method and Thermo-Calc simulation of the 𝜎 phase in stainless steels are highlighted.

/pdf/overview-of-intermetallic-sigma-phase-precipitation-in-1d817vlxbh.pdf

Overview of Intermetallic Sigma () Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels

Automatic thesaurus construction using Bayesian networks

In this research, the tensile properties of a Fe-32Mn-12Cr-0.4C cryogenic alloy were investigated at temperatures between {minus}196 C to 250 C. This study was intended to clarify the influence of temperature on tensile properties and to correlate the deformed microstructures with the tensile elongation. The formation of strain-induced changes, deformation twins and strain-induced {var_epsilon}-martensite, was analyzed at various temperatures. The effects of the strain-induced changes on strain hardening rate were discussed to explain the variation of tensile elongation of Fe-32Mn-12Cr-0.4C cryogenic alloy.

The effects of deformation twins and strain-induced ϵ-martensite on mechanical properties of an Fe-32Mn-12Cr-0.4C cryogenic alloy

The superplasticity of Fe‐24Cr‐7Ni‐3Mo‐0.14N duplex stainless steel after solution treatment at 1350°C followed by 90% cold rolling was investigated at 850°C with a strain rate ranging from 10 3 to 10 1 s 1 . The microstructure of duplex stainless steel consists of matrix g phase having low angle boundaries and s phase as second phase particles before the deformation at 850°C. The constituent phases in the duplex stainless steel were found to be changed following aiagiagsigs through phase transformation during the deformation at 850°C. A maximum elongation of 750% was obtained at 850°C with strain rate of 3.1610 3 s 1 . The low angle grain boundaries were changed into high angle grain boundaries by dynamic recrystallization of g phase at an early stage of deformation. The dislocation density within matrix g grains was low and a significant strain-induced grain growth was observed during the deformation. The misorientation angles between the neighboring g grains increased with increasing strain; thus the low angle grain boundaries were transformed into high angle grain boundaries suitable for sliding by the dynamic recrystallization during the deformation. The grain boundary sliding assisted by dynamic recrystallization is considered a controlling mechanism for superplastic deformation at 850°C. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

http://composite.kaist.ac.kr/public/NPE40.pdf

Microstructural changes during superplastic deformation of Fe-24Cr-7Ni-3Mo-0.14N duplex stainless steel

The effect of Al addition (0–3 wt%) on tensile properties and microstructures of Fe-32Mn-12Cr- x Al-0.4C cryogenic alloys were investigated at temperatures ranging from −196 to 250 °C. The Al is an austenite stabilizer suppressing the formation of the strain induced ɛ -martensite, while it behaved as a δ -ferrite stabilizer when added to 3 wt%. The Fe-32Mn-12Cr-0Al-0.4C alloy showed the strain induced ɛ -martensite after tensile deformation at −196 °C. Deformation twins were observed in deformed cryogenic alloys except Fe-32Mn-12Cr-2Al-0.4C alloys at temperatures ranging from −196 to 25 °C. The formation of both the deformation twins and the strain induced ɛ -martensite enhanced the tensile elongation by retarding local necking. The Fe-32Mn-12Cr-(0,1,3)Al-0.4C alloys exhibited elongation peaks within a temperature range forming the deformation twins. As the stacking fault energy increases with increasing Al content, the elongation peak shifted to lower temperature with increasing Al content in Fe-32Mn-12Cr- x Al-0.4C alloy. The continuous formation of strain induced phases, deformation twins and ɛ -martensite, up to a large strain was important to increase the tensile elongation of Fe-32Mn-12Cr- x Al-0.4C cryogenic alloys.

/pdf/the-effect-of-al-on-mechanical-properties-and-1xfoxux28f.pdf

Young S. Han

Papers

Automatic thesaurus construction using Bayesian networks

The effects of deformation twins and strain-induced ϵ-martensite on mechanical properties of an Fe-32Mn-12Cr-0.4C cryogenic alloy

Microstructural changes during superplastic deformation of Fe-24Cr-7Ni-3Mo-0.14N duplex stainless steel

The effect of Al on mechanical properties and microstructures of Fe-32Mn-12Cr-xAl-0.4C cryogenic alloys

The effects of thermo-mechanical treatments on superplasticity of Fe-24Cr-7Ni-3Mo-0.14N duplex stainless steel