抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Chem. Pharm. Bull.(オピニオン)

Increased understanding of the important roles that oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates play in biological processes has led to a demand for significant amounts of these materials for biological, medicinal, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, tremendous effort has been made to develop new procedures for the synthesis of glycosides, whereby the main focus is often the formation of the glycosidic bonds. Accordingly, quite a few review articles have been published over the past few years on glycoside synthesis; however, most are confined to either a specific type of glycoside or a specific strategy for glycoside synthesis. In this Review, new principles for the formation of glycoside bonds are discussed. Developments, mainly in the last ten years, that have led to significant advances in oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate synthesis have been compiled and are evaluated.

New principles for glycoside-bond formation.

http://glycoscience.ru/Knirel/Papers/1164_comp-assis_CR_1988.pdf

A computer-assisted structural analysis of regular polysaccharides on the basis of 13C-n.m.r. data.

Synthesis of the O-specific polysaccharide of

Development of approaches to a third-generation carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae: the search for optimal oligosaccharide ligands

Sugar thio orthoesters as glycosylating agents

Data on the main approaches to preparation of mono- and oligodentate glycoconjugates based on porphyrin scaffolds are surveyed. The prospects for using these compounds as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer and for suppression of bacterial and viral pathogens are considered. Data on the synthesis of oligodentate blocking agents for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) based on porphyrin scaffolds are discussed. The bibliography includes 161 references.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RC2014v083n06ABEH004426/pdf

Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity†

2-Aminoethyl glycosides of tetra-, hexa- and octasaccharide fragments of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide were synthesized within a project directed to the development of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine based on synthetic carbohydrate ligands. Squarate method was used to obtain neoglycoconjugates of the synthesized oligosaccharides with bovine serum albumin.

Synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide and their neoglycoconjugates with bovine serum albumin

Yu. E. Tsvetkov

Papers

Synthesis of the O-specific polysaccharide of

Development of approaches to a third-generation carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae: the search for optimal oligosaccharide ligands

Sugar thio orthoesters as glycosylating agents

Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity†

Synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide and their neoglycoconjugates with bovine serum albumin