Yuan Gao

TL;DR: The chemistry, biology, and procedures for safe and efficient irrigation are summarized and cutting-edge information on the most recent developments are provided.

TL;DR: The new alloy yielded an improvement of over three to eight times in N(f) of CM files than that of conventional NiTi files and had a substantial impact on fatigue lifetime.

TL;DR: Irrigation needle tip design influences flow pattern, flow velocity, and apical wall pressure, all important parameters for the effectiveness and safety of irrigation, according to computational fluid dynamics.

TL;DR: A considerable amount of dentin debris is produced and packed into the isthmus area during rotary instrumentation of mesial canals of lower molars despite continuous irrigation during and after instrumentation.

TL;DR: The type of NiTi metal alloy (CM files vs conventional superelastic NiTi files) influences the cyclic fatigue resistance under various environments, and the fatigue life of CM instruments is longer in liquid media than in air.