Thermodynamic predictions for biocatalysis in nonconventional media: theory, tests, and recommendations for experimental design and analysis.

Industrial applications of immobilized enzymes—A review

Oleaginous yeasts for biodiesel: current and future trends in biology and production.

Oils and fats are the most important renewable raw materials of the chemical industry. They make available fatty acids in such purity that they may be used for chemical conversions and for the synthesis of chemically pure compounds. Oleic acid (1) from “new sunflower,” linoleic acid (2) from soybean, linolenic acid (3) from linseed, erucic acid (4) from rape seed, and ricinoleic acid (5) from castor oil are most important for chemical transformations offering in addition to the carboxy group one or more C-C-double bonds. New plant oils containing fatty acids with new and interesting functionalities such as petroselinic acid (6) from Coriandrum sativum, calendic acid (7) from Calendula officinalis, α-eleostearic acid (8) from tung oil, santalbic acid (9) from Santalum album (Linn.), and vernolic acid (10) from Vernonia galamensis are becoming industrially available. The basic oleochemicals are free fatty acids, methyl esters, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines as well as glycerol as a by-product. Their interesting new industrial applications are the usage as environmentally friendly industrial fluids and lubricants, insulating fluid for electric utilities such as transformers and additive to asphalt. Modern methods of synthetic organic chemistry including enzymatic and microbial transformations were applied extensively to fatty compounds for the selective functionalization of the alkyl chain. Syntheses of long-chain diacids, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, and ω-unsaturated fatty acids as base chemicals derived from vegetable oils were developed. Interesting applications were opened by the epoxidation of C-C-double bonds giving the possibility of photochemically initiated cationic curing and access to polyetherpolyols. Enantiomerically pure fatty acids as part of the chiral pool of nature can be used for the synthesis of nonracemic building blocks.

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Lipids as renewable resources: current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification.

A process for production of biofuels from algae can include cultivating an oil-producing algae by promoting sequential photoautotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The method can further include producing oil by heterotrophic growth of algae wherein the heterotrophic algae growth is achieved by introducing a sugar feed to the oil-producing algae. An algal oil can be extracted from the oil-producing algae, and can be converted to form biodiesel.

Two-stage process for producing oil from microalgae

A method for the enzymatic transesterification useful for modification of a lipid, which comprises continuously or repeatedly contacting an enzyme or an enzyme preparation having transesterification activities with a fresh supply of a dried fatty ester substrate such as fats and oils of glycerides. The enzyme or the enzyme preparation has transesterification activities (Kr value) of 0.01 or more as well as lipolytic activities. The enzyme preparation is prepared by dispersing, adsorbing or bonding an enzyme having lipolytic activities in or to a carrier and drying the resulting mixture at an adequately slow initial drying rate to activate or increase the transesterification activities of the enzyme.

Method for enzymatic transesterification of lipid and enzyme used therein

There is provided a method for producing a cacao butter substitute by transesterification of fats and oils containing glycerides rich in the oleyl moiety at the 2-position with an alcohol ester of stearic acid and/or palmitic acid in the presence of a lipase having reaction specificity to the 1,3-position of triglycerides and not more than 018% by weight of water based on the total weight of the reaction mixture By this method, a cacao butter substitute, rich in 1,3-distearyl-2-oleyl compound and 1-palmityl-2-oleyl-3-stearyl compound is obtained, in a high reaction yield with few by-products

Method for producing cacao butter substitute

In a method of the modification of a fat or oil wherein a mixture (mixture A) containing a glyceride-type fat or oil to be modified (material A) and a fatty acid or a nonglyceride-type ester thereof (material B) is selectively transesterified in the presence of a catalyst having a selective transesterification activity (catalyst A); the resulting fat or oil (resultant A), fatty acid or nonglyceride-type ester thereof (resultant B) and catalyst are recovered from the reaction mixture; and then a hard butter is produced from the resultant A, the improvement comprises hydrogenating a part or all of the resultant B and reusing the hydrogenated product as a part of the mixture A.

Method for modification of fats and oils

Manufacture of cacao butter substitute fat

PURPOSE: A specific lipase is made to act on a reaction system of oil mixture with a specified water content in which the ratio of palmitic acid to stearic acid is specified, thus producing a hard butter like cocoa butter C with good tempering. CONSTITUTION: On a reaction system of oil mixture mainly consisting of 2-oleo- distearin and 2-oledipalmitin, in which the ratio of palmitic acid to stearic acid is 0.4/1W1/1 and the water content is less than 0.2wt%, is a lipase with 1,3-position specificity made to act, thus producing the objective hard butter. For example, a mixture consisting of 45 parts palm oil melting at medium temperatures and 55 parts coconut butter melting at high temperatures is dehydrated under reduced pressure with heat to 0.01wt% water content. To the product, is added 3 parts of lipase originating from Rhizopus japonicas and the reaction is effected under slow stirring at 45°C for 24hr. Then, the enzyme is filtered off and the residue is purified by usual methods to produce the objective hard butter. COPYRIGHT: (C)1981,JPO&Japio

Yukio Hashimoto

Papers

Method for enzymatic transesterification of lipid and enzyme used therein

Method for producing cacao butter substitute

Method for modification of fats and oils

Manufacture of cacao butter substitute fat

Production of hard butter