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Linear And Nonlinear Programming

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Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing Algorithms

Mode division multiplexing (MDM) using orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a recently developed physical layer transmission technique, which has obtained intensive interest among optics, millimeter-wave, and radio frequency due to its capability to enhance communication capacity while retaining an ultra-low receiver complexity. In this paper, the system model based on OAM-MDM is mathematically analyzed and it is theoretically concluded that such system architecture can bring a vast reduction in receiver complexity without capacity penalty compared with conventional line-of-sight multiple-in-multiple-out systems under the same physical constraint. Furthermore, a $4\times 4$ OAM-MDM communication experiment adopting a pair of easily realized Cassegrain reflector antennas capable of multiplexing/demultiplexing four orthogonal OAM modes of $l = {-3}$ , −2, +2, and +3 is carried out at a microwave frequency of 10 GHz. The experimental results show high spectral efficiency as well as low receiver complexity.

Mode Division Multiplexing Communication Using Microwave Orbital Angular Momentum: An Experimental Study

https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2315217/Multi_Time_Series_Anomaly_Detection_for_Industry_4_0__Neurocomputing_.pdf

Multi-head CNN–RNN for multi-time series anomaly detection: An industrial case study

A system is proposed to generate vortex electromagnetic (EM) beams in the microwave band, which generates high-order vortex beams at the X-frequency band for the first time. First, the orbital angular momentum (OAM)-generating system is designed and the signal model based on the uniform circular array is presented. Subsequently, the mathematical model with array error contributions is established and, comprehensively, numerical simulations are conducted to analyze how amplitude and phase errors affect the radiation field and the EM vortex imaging. The experimental results validate that the proposed system can readily generate vortex beams of high quality, which are in agreement with the simulated results. The work paves the way to applications of OAM-carrying beams as well as a novel information-rich radar paradigm.

Generation of OAM Beams Using Phased Array in the Microwave Band

For fast and standoff personal screening, a novel terahertz imaging scheme using a sparse rotating array is developed in this paper. A linearly sparse array is designed to move along a circular path with respect to an axis perpendicular to the imaging scenario. For this new scheme, a modified imaging algorithm is proposed based on the frequency-domain reconstruction method in circular synthetic aperture radar. To achieve better imaging performance, an optimization method of the sparse array is also proposed, according to the distribution of the spectral support. Theoretical and numerical analysis of the point spread function (PSF) is provided to demonstrate the high-resolution imaging ability of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive simulations are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the array optimization method. Finally, the imaging results of a human-scattering model are also obtained to further demonstrate the good performance of this new imaging scheme and the effectiveness of the array optimization approach. This work can facilitate the design and practice of terahertz imaging systems for security inspection.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/10/2209/pdf

A Fast Terahertz Imaging Method Using Sparse Rotating Array

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is the nonlinear model of a Kalman filter (KF). It is a useful parameter estimation method when the observation model and/or the state transition model is not a linear function. However, the computational requirements in EKF are a difficulty for the system. With the help of cognition-based designation and the Taylor expansion method, a novel algorithm is proposed to ease the computational load for EKF in azimuth predicting and localizing under a nonlinear observation model. When there are nonlinear functions and inverse calculations for matrices, this method makes use of the major components (according to current performance and the performance requirements) in the Taylor expansion. As a result, the computational load is greatly lowered and the performance is ensured. Simulation results show that the proposed measure will deliver filtering output with a similar precision compared to the regular EKF. At the same time, the computational load is substantially lowered.

A Cognition-Based Method to Ease the Computational Load for an Extended Kalman Filter

As a complementary imaging technology, coincidence imaging radar (CIR) achieves super-resolution in real aperture staring radar imagery via employing the temporal-spatial independent array detecting (TSIAD) signals. The characters of TSIAD signals are impacted by the array geometry and the imaging performance are influenced by the relative imaging position with respect to antennas array. In this paper, the effect of array geometry on CIR system is investigated in detail based on the judgment criteria of the effective rank theory. In course of analyzing of these influences, useful system design guidance about the array geometry is remarked for the CIR system. With the design guidance, the target images are reconstructed based on the Tikhonov regularization algorithm. Simulation results are presented to validate the whole analysis and the efficiency of the design guidance.

Effect analysis and design on array geometry for coincidence imaging radar based on effective rank theory

Parabolic-reflector antennas (PRAs), usually possessing rotation, are a particular type of targets of potential interest to the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) community. This paper is aimed to investigate PRA’s scattering characteristics and then to extract PRA’s parameters from SAR returns, for supporting image interpretation and target recognition. We at first obtain both closed-form and numeric solutions to PRA’s backscattering by geometrical optics (GO), physical optics, and graphical electromagnetic computation, respectively. Based on the GO solution, a migratory scattering center model is at first presented for representing the movement of the specular point with aspect angle, and then a hybrid model, named the migratory/micromotion scattering center (MMSC) model, is proposed for characterizing a rotating PRA in the SAR geometry, which incorporates PRA’s rotation into its migratory scattering center model. Additionally, we in detail analyze PRA’s radar characteristics on radar cross-section, high-resolution range profiles, time-frequency distribution, and 2D images, which also confirm the models proposed. A maximal likelihood estimator is developed for jointly solving the MMSC model for PRA’s multiple parameters by optimization. By exploiting the aforementioned characteristics, the coarse parameter estimation guarantees convergency upon global minima. The signatures recovered can be favorably utilized for SAR image interpretation and target recognition.

/pdf/rotating-parabolic-reflector-antenna-target-in-sar-data-7jvrgcy762.pdf

Rotating Parabolic-Reflector Antenna Target in SAR Data: Model, Characteristics, and Parameter Estimation

In this article, the three-dimensional (3-D) surface reconstruction techniques of space targets were studied with a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) linear array in the terahertz band. Conventional wavenumber domain integration-based reconstruction algorithm is unable to accurately reconstruct the continuous surfaces owing to the fixed step length in the range direction. To overcome this shortcoming, a phase unwrapping-free multilayer wideband frequency interferometry algorithm (MWFIA) was proposed. The MWFIA divides the targets into several layers based on the range resolution corresponding to the bandwidth of interference phase images, which can achieve surface reconstruction of targets with arbitrary varying range of distance. Besides, to ensure a satisfactory reconstruction accuracy under low signal-to-noise ratio environments, the interference phase errors introduced by noise are greatly suppressed by performing interference phase extraction between wideband two-dimensional imaging results of adjacent center frequency points. Both simulation and experimental results in the 0.22 THz band were provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in comparison with those of the wavenumber domain integration-based and the previous frequency interferometry-based surface reconstruction techniques.

Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of Space Targets Using a Terahertz MIMO Linear Array Based on Multilayer Wideband Frequency Interferometry Techniques

Yuliang Qin

Papers

A Fast Terahertz Imaging Method Using Sparse Rotating Array

A Cognition-Based Method to Ease the Computational Load for an Extended Kalman Filter

Effect analysis and design on array geometry for coincidence imaging radar based on effective rank theory

Rotating Parabolic-Reflector Antenna Target in SAR Data: Model, Characteristics, and Parameter Estimation

Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of Space Targets Using a Terahertz MIMO Linear Array Based on Multilayer Wideband Frequency Interferometry Techniques