This paper describes the First-Order Form (FOF) and Clause Normal Form (CNF) parts of the TPTP problem library, and the associated infrastructure TPTP v350 was the last release containing only FOF and CNF problems, and thus serves as the exemplar This paper summarizes the history and development of the TPTP, describes the structure and contents of the TPTP, and gives an overview of TPTP related projects and tools

The TPTP Problem Library and Associated Infrastructure

Acting Under Secretary of Health requested that a working group be established to develop the Veterans Health Initiative (VHI). He envisioned this as a comprehensive program to recognize the connection between certain health effects and military service, to allow military history to be better documented, to prepare health care providers to better serve their veteran patients, and to establish a data base for further study. This was first discussed by the Acting Under Secretary in relation to the health of former prisoners of war. Development was really begun by the former Chief Academic Affairs Officer, Dr. David Stevens, with the Military Service History project. This involves a pocket card for medical residents detailing the important components of a military service history targeting the health risks associated with various periods of service and more generic issues of concern and a website containing references relevant to the issues. Educational modules in the Veterans Health Initiative VHA will assist health care providers in recognizing the connection between certain health effects and military service, prepare health care providers to better serve veteran patients, and will provide a data base for further study. This independent study is designed to provide primary care practitioners with an introduction to the pathologies that lead to sight loss, their functional implications, appropriate method of referrals, training programs, and special considerations for interactions with visually impaired individuals. After completing this independent study, participants would be able to: • Define legal blindness; • Describe the causes of sight loss; • Delineate the functional implications of vision loss • Delineate the psycho/social impact of vision loss on the veteran; • Outline the role of the Visual Impairment Services Team (VIST) in the treatment of legally blind veterans and the referral process; • Describe the special personal and environmental considerations needed for visually impaired patients; • Describe the special medical considerations needed for visually impaired patients; • Describe the primary care practitioner's role in assisting veterans in establishing well-grounded claims for disability related to the loss of vision; and • Describe compensation and pension benefits provided for veterans with eye disabilities. After completing this independent study, you should 1. be able to: state the definition of legal blindness; 2. be able to: associate eye diseases with their visual implications; 3. be able to: demonstrate insight into the functional and Psycho/Social implications of sight-loss; 4. know when referrals to VIST are indicated; 5. understand …

시력 손상과 시각 장애(Visual Impairment and Blindness)

This paper describes the TPTP problem library and associated infrastructure, from its use of Clause Normal Form (CNF), via the First-Order Form (FOF) and Typed First-order Form (TFF), through to the monomorphic Typed Higher-order Form (TH0). TPTP v6.4.0 was the last release prior to the introduction of the polymorphic Typed Higher-order Form, and thus serves as the exemplar. This paper summarizes the aims and history of the TPTP, documents its growth up to v6.4.0, reviews the structure and contents of TPTP problems, and gives an overview of TPTP-related infrastructure.

The TPTP Problem Library and Associated Infrastructure: From CNF to TH0, TPTP v6.4.0

Mizari¾?is one of the pioneering systems for mathematics formalization, which still has ani¾?active user community. The project has been in constant development since 1973, when Andrzej Trybulec designed the fundamentals of ai¾?language capable of rigorously encoding mathematical knowledge in ai¾?computerized environment which guarantees its full logical correctness. Since then, the system with its feature-rich language devised to approximate mathematics writing has influenced other formalization projects and has given rise to ai¾?number of Mizari¾?modes implemented on top of other systems. However, the information about the system as ai¾?whole is not readily available to developers of other systems. Various papers describing Mizari¾?features have been rather incremental and focused only on particular newly implemented Mizari¾?aspects. The objective of the current paper is to give ai¾?survey of the most important Mizari¾?features that distinguish it from other popular proof checkers. We also go ai¾?step further and describe most important current trends and lines of development that go beyond the state-of-the-art system.

Mizar: State-of-the-art and Beyond

This paper surveys the emerging methods to automate reasoning over large libraries developed with formal proof assistants. We call these methods hammers. They give the authors of formal proofs a strong "one-stroke" tool for discharging difficult lemmas without the need for careful and detailed manual programming of proof search. The main ingredients underlying this approach are efficient automatic theorem provers that can cope with hundreds of axioms, suitable translations of richer logics to their formalisms, heuristic and learning methods that select relevant facts from large libraries, and methods that reconstruct the automatically found proofs inside the proof assistants. We outline the history of these methods, explain the main issues and techniques, and show their strength on several large benchmarks. We also discuss the relation of this technology to the QED Manifesto and consider its implications for QED-style efforts.

/pdf/hammering-towards-qed-qrgyqrhv8s.pdf

Hammering towards QED

This paper describes the design, implementation, and testing of a system for selecting necessary axioms from a large set also containing superfluous axioms, to obtain a proof of a conjecture. The selection is determined by semantics of the axioms and conjecture, ordered heuristically by a syntactic relevance measure. The system is able to solve many problems that cannot be solved alone by the underlying conventional automated reasoning system.

SRASS - A Semantic Relevance Axiom Selection System

https://web.cs.miami.edu/home/strac/papers/Trac-etal-IDV-UITP06.pdf

An Interactive Derivation Viewer

In the logical theory of a set of axioms there are many boring logical consequences, and scattered among them there are a few interesting ones. The few interesting ones include those that are singled out as theorems by experts in the domain. This paper describes the techniques, implementation, and results of an automated system that generates logical consequences of a set of axioms, and uses filters and ranking to identify interesting theorems among the logical conse-

/pdf/automated-generation-of-interesting-theorems-fqxo1x7mab.pdf

Automated generation of interesting theorems

Skimming broadly refers to different speed-reading methods that aim to enhance the rate of reading without unduly compromising on comprehension and retention of information. Skimming of content could be particularly useful for people with vision impairments, who frequently experience information overload when listening to reams of digital content online. Support for usable and useful skimming in modern screen readers remains very poor. This paper explores the user requirements for a usable non-visual skimming interface, informed by a large-scale human-subject experiment with blind individuals. Specifically, the study has: (1) helped identify the type of skimming that can be useful in screen reading main content in web pages; (2) led to the development of a usable interface for accessible online skimming; (3) demonstrated the utility of the accessible skimming interface in two realistic use scenarios; (4) identified automatic summarization techniques that could "closely" approximate skimming methods used by sighted people.

/pdf/why-read-if-you-can-skim-towards-enabling-faster-screen-3kev2gmx7l.pdf

Why read if you can skim: towards enabling faster screen reading

People with vision impairments interact with web pages via screen readers that provide keyboard shortcuts for navigating through the content. However, web browsing with screen readers can be a frustrating experience mainly due to time and effort spent on locating the desired content through the extensive use of keyboard shortcuts. This gets even worse if users have limited shortcut vocabulary or are not familiar with the structure of a particular webpage. Augmenting screen readers with a speech input interface has the potential to alleviate the above limitations. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Capti-Speak, a speech-enabled screen reader for web browsing, capable of translating speech utterances into browsing actions, executing the actions, and providing audio feedback. The novelty of Capti-Speak is that it leverages a custom dialog model, designed exclusively for non-visual web access, for interpreting speech utterances. A user study with 20 blind subjects showed that Capti-Speak was significantly more usable and efficient compared to the regular screen reader, especially for ad-hoc browsing, searching, and navigating to the content of interest.

Yury Puzis

Papers

SRASS - A Semantic Relevance Axiom Selection System

An Interactive Derivation Viewer

Automated generation of interesting theorems

Why read if you can skim: towards enabling faster screen reading

Capti-speak: a speech-enabled web screen reader