WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, SCM, FAHA Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, FAHA Rajat Deo, MD, MTR Sarah D. de Ferranti, MD, MPH James Floyd, MD, MS Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Cathleen Gillespie, MS Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PhD, FAHA Monik C. Jiménez, ScD, SM Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD Suzanne E. Judd, PhD Daniel Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, MPH, FAHA Simin Liu, MD, ScD, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Rachel H. Mackey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Khurram Nasir, MD, MPH, FAHA Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FAHA Latha Palaniappan, MD, MS, FAHA Dilip K. Pandey, MBBS, MS, PhD, FAHA Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MD, MPH Mathew J. Reeves, PhD Matthew Ritchey, PT, DPT, OCS, MPH Carlos J. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, FAHA Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, FAHA Amytis Towfighi, MD Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH Melanie B. Turner, MPH Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS John T. Wilkins, MD Jason HY. Wu, MSc, PhD, FAHA Heather M. Alger, PhD Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Paul Muntner, PhD, MHSc On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)60074-4.pdf

Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth

Author(s): Writing Group Members; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Benjamin, Emelia J; Go, Alan S; Arnett, Donna K; Blaha, Michael J; Cushman, Mary; Das, Sandeep R; de Ferranti, Sarah; Despres, Jean-Pierre; Fullerton, Heather J; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Isasi, Carmen R; Jimenez, Monik C; Judd, Suzanne E; Kissela, Brett M; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Liu, Simin; Mackey, Rachel H; Magid, David J; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Muntner, Paul; Mussolino, Michael E; Nasir, Khurram; Neumar, Robert W; Nichol, Graham; Palaniappan, Latha; Pandey, Dilip K; Reeves, Mathew J; Rodriguez, Carlos J; Rosamond, Wayne; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Towfighi, Amytis; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Woo, Daniel; Yeh, Robert W; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee; Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We wish to thank Drs Brian Eigel and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

Disclosures 



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# Summary {#article-title-2}

Each year, the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

March 5, 2019 e1 WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA, Chair Paul Muntner, PhD, MHS, FAHA, Vice Chair Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD, FAHA Marcio S. Bittencourt, MD, PhD, MPH Clifton W. Callaway, MD, FAHA April P. Carson, PhD, MSPH, FAHA Alanna M. Chamberlain, PhD Alexander R. Chang, MD, MS Susan Cheng, MD, MMSc, MPH, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, MBA, FAHA Francesca N. Delling, MD, MPH Luc Djousse, MD, ScD, MPH Mitchell S.V. Elkind, MD, MS, FAHA Jane F. Ferguson, PhD, FAHA Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD, FAHA Sadiya S. Khan, MD, MSc Brett M. Kissela, MD, MS Kristen L. Knutson, PhD Tak W. Kwan, MD, FAHA Daniel T. Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Tené T. Lewis, PhD Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Matthew Shane Loop, PhD Pamela L. Lutsey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Seth S. Martin, MD, MHS, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Andrew E. Moran, MD, MPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Martin O’Flaherty, MD, MSc, PhD Ambarish Pandey, MD, MSCS Amanda M. Perak, MD, MS Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, MS, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH, FAHA Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, MD, MBA, MPH, FAHA Gary M. Satou, MD, FAHA Emily B. Schroeder, MD, PhD, FAHA Svati H. Shah, MD, MHS, FAHA Nicole L. Spartano, PhD Andrew Stokes, PhD David L. Tirschwell, MD, MS, MSc, FAHA Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH, Vice Chair Elect Mintu P. Turakhia, MD, MAS, FAHA Lisa B. VanWagner, MD, MSc, FAST John T. Wilkins, MD, MS, FAHA Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA, Chair Elect On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis.

ContextChorioamnionitis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral
palsy, but most studies have not reported a significant association. Cystic
periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL) is believed to be a precursor of cerebral
palsy in preterm infants.ObjectivesTo determine whether chorioamnionitis is associated with cerebral palsy
or cPVL and to examine factors that may explain differences in study results.Data SourcesSearches of MEDLINE (1966-1999), Index Medicus (1960-1965), Doctoral
Dissertation Abstracts On-Line (1861-1999), bibliographies, and online conference
proceedings (1999) were performed for English-language studies with titles
or abstracts that discussed prenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy or cPVL.Study SelectionOf 229 initially identified publications, meta-analyses were performed
on studies that addressed the association between clinical (n = 19) or histologic
(n = 7) chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy or cPVL in both preterm and full-term
infants. Inclusion criteria were: presence of appropriate exposure and outcome
measures, case-control or cohort study design, and provision of sufficient
data to calculate relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios with 95% confidence
intervals (CIs). Studies evaluating risk of cerebral palsy following maternal
fever, urinary tract infection, or other maternal infection were collected,
but not included in the meta-analysis.Data ExtractionInformation from individual studies was abstracted using standardized
forms by 2 independent observers blinded to authors' names, journal titles,
and funding sources.Data SynthesisUsing a random effects model, clinical chorioamnionitis was significantly
associated with both cerebral palsy (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5) and cPVL (RR,
3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.0) in preterm infants. The RR of histologic chorioamnionitis
and cerebral palsy was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.9-2.7) in preterm infants, and histologic
chorioamnionitis was significantly associated with cPVL (RR, 2.1; 95% CI,
1.5-2.9). Among full-term infants, a positive association was found between
clinical chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy (RR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.3-16.2).
Factors explaining differences in study results included varying definitions
of clinical chorioamnionitis, extent of blinding in determining exposure status,
and whether individual studies adjusted for potential confounders.ConclusionOur meta-analysis indicates that chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for
both cerebral palsy and cPVL.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/193084/JMA00019.pdf

Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis.

Data Synthesis Using a random effects model, clinical chorioamnionitis was signifi- cantly associated with both cerebral palsy (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5) and cPVL (RR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.0) in preterm infants. The RR of histologic chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.9-2.7) in preterm infants, and histologic chorioamnionitis was significantly associated with cPVL (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-2.9). Among full-term infants, a positive association was found between clinical chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy (RR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.3-16.2). Factors explaining differences in study results included varying definitions of clinical chorioamnionitis, extent of blinding in determining exposure status, and whether individual studies adjusted for potential confounders. Conclusion Our meta-analysis indicates that chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cPVL. JAMA. 2000;284:1417-1424 www.jama.com

Chorioamnionitis as a Risk Factor for Cerebral Palsy

ContextHalf of all cases of cerebral palsy (CP) occur in term infants, for
whom risk factors have not been clearly defined. Recent studies suggest a
possible role of chorioamnionitis.ObjectiveTo determine whether clinical chorioamnionitis increases the risk of
CP in term and near-term infants.Design, Setting, and PatientsCase-control study nested within a cohort of 231 582 singleton
infants born at 36 or more weeks' gestation between January 1, 1991, and December
31, 1998, in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a managed care organization
providing care for more than 3 million residents of northern California. Case
patients were identified from electronic records and confirmed by chart review
by a child neurologist, and comprised all children with moderate to severe
spastic or dyskinetic CP not due to postnatal brain injury or developmental
abnormalities (n = 109). Controls (n = 218) were randomly selected from the
study population.Main Outcome MeasureAssociation between clinical chorioamnionitis and increased risk of
CP in term and near-term infants.ResultsMost CP cases had hemiparesis (40%) or quadriparesis (38%); 87% had
been diagnosed by a neurologist and 83% had undergone neuroimaging. Chorioamnionitis,
considered present if a treating physician made a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis
or endometritis clinically, was noted in 14% of cases and 4% of controls (odds
ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-10.1; P = .001). Independent risk factors identified in multiple logistic
regression included chorioamnionitis (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6-10.1), intrauterine
growth restriction (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.3-12.0), maternal black ethnicity (OR,
3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.3), maternal age older than 25 years (OR, 2.6; 95% CI,
1.3-5.2), and nulliparity (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0). The population-attributable
fraction of chorioamnionitis for CP is 11%.ConclusionOur data suggest that chorioamnionitis is an independent risk factor
for CP among term and near-term infants.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/197709/JOC31144.pdf

Yvonne W. Wu

Papers

Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis.

Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis.

Chorioamnionitis as a Risk Factor for Cerebral Palsy

Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy in term and near-term infants.

Patterns of brain injury in term neonatal encephalopathy