2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Electrochemical lithiation of tin and tin-based intermetallics and composites

Anions of lithium battery salts have been investigated by electronic structure calculations with the objective to find a computational measure to correlate with the observed (in)stability of nonaqueous lithium battery electrolytes vs oxidation often encountered in practice. Accurate prediction of intrinsic anion oxidation potentials is here made possible by computing the vertical free energy difference between anion and neutral radical (ΔGv) and further strengthened by an empirical correction using only the anion volume as a parameter. The 6-311+G(2df,p) basis set, the VSXC functional, and the C-PCM SCRF algorithm were used. The ΔGv calculations can be performed using any standard computational chemistry software.

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Intrinsic anion oxidation potentials.

Sulface modification of lithium was carried out using the chemical reaction of the native film with acids (HF, H3PO4, HI, HCl) dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC). The chemical composition change of the lithium surface was detected using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrodeposition of lithium on the as-received lithium or the modified lithium was conducted in PC containing 1.0 mol dm−3 LiClO4 or LiPF6 under galvanostatic conditions. The morphology of electrodeposited lithium particles was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The lithium dendrites were observed when lithium was deposited on the as-received lithium in both electrolytes. Moreover the dendrites were also formed on the lithium surface modified with H3PO4, HI, or HCl. On the other hand, spherical lithium particles were produced, when lithium was electrodeposited in PC containing 1.0 mol dm−3 LiPF6 on the lithium surface modified with HE However spherical lithium particles were not obtained, when PC containing 1.0 mol dm−3 LiClO4 was used as the electrolyte. The lithium surface modified by H3PO4, HI, or HCl was covered with a thick film consisting of Li3PO4, Li2CO3, LiOH, or Li2O. The lithium surface modified with HF was covered with a thin bilayer structure film consisting of LiF and Li2O. These results clearly show that the surface film having the thin bilayer structure (LiF and Li2O) and the use of PC containing 1.0 mol dm−3 LiPF6 enhance the suppression of dendrite formation of lithium.

Effect of surface modification using various acids on electrodeposition of lithium

A high-sensitivity urea sensor consisting of the composite film of electropolymerized electroinactive polypyrrole (PPy) with the polyion complex containing urease (Urs) was fabricated. This sensor showed potential response to urea within 20 s by detection of pH change during enzymatic reaction with a pH-sensitive electroinactive PPy. The urea response became higher with the slope of 110 mV decade −1 . This high sensitivity was attributed to the effective immobilization of the large number of Urs by electropolymerization on electrode pre-coated with polyion complex.

High-sensitivity urea sensor based on the composite film of electroinactive polypyrrole with polyion complex

This conference was divided into the following sections: supercapacitors; nickel-metal hydride batteries; lithium polymer batteries; lithium/carbon batteries; cathode materials; and lithium batteries. Separate abstracts were prepared for the 46 papers of this conference.

Z.I. Takehara

Papers

New sealed rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors