Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Although less than 5% of peritonitis episodes result in death, peritonitis is the direct or major contributing cause of death in around 16% of PD patients (1-6). In addition, severe or prolonged peritonitis leads to structural and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane, eventually leading to membrane failure. Peritonitis is a major cause of PD technique failure and conversion to long-term hemodialysis (1,5,7,8). Recommendations under the auspices of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) were first published in 1983 and revised in 1993, 1996, 2000, 2005, and 2010 (9-14). The present recommendations are organized into 5 sections: 1. Peritonitis rate 2. Prevention of peritonitis 3. Initial presentation and management of peritonitis 4. Subsequent management of peritonitis 5.

/pdf/ispd-peritonitis-recommendations-2016-update-on-prevention-28ki6os9ax.pdf

Ispd peritonitis recommendations: 2016 update on prevention and treatment

Tinnitus and hearing loss, both reversible and irreversible, are associated both with acute intoxication and long term administration of a large range of drugs. The mechanism causing drug-induced ototoxicity is unclear, but may involve biochemical and consequent electrophysiological changes in the inner ear and eighth cranial nerve impulse transmission. Over 130 drugs and chemicals have been reported to be potentially ototoxic. The major classes are the aminoglycosides and other antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents, diuretics, antimalarial drugs, antineoplastic agents and some topically administered agents. Prevention of drug-induced ototoxicity is generally based upon consideration and avoidance of appropriate risk factors, as well as on monitoring of renal function, serum drug concentrations, and cochlear and auditory functions before and during drug therapy. Ototoxicity, although not life-threatening, may cause considerable discomfort to patients taking ototoxic drugs, and in some cases drug discontinuation may be necessary to prevent permanent damage. Much research has been performed to investigate the causes and mechanisms of ototoxicity, to try to prevent this complication. Despite these efforts, ototoxicity still occurs, and there is much work to be done in order to understand the mechanism of ototoxicity of different drugs and to prevent hearing loss and tinnitus in the future.

Drug-Induced Tinnitus and Other Hearing Disorders

ObjectiveTo describe the mechanism and risk factors for the development of aminoglycoside-induced vestibular injury and discuss their implications for therapeutic monitoring of aminoglycoside antibiotics.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1975–January 2008) was performed to identify literature on aminoglycoside-induced vestibular injury and risk factors associated with this outcome and their impact on therapeutic drug monitoring. Additional references were identified through review of bibliographies of identified articles.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Data on the mechanisms of vestibular toxicity and its development in association with aminoglycoside exposure were extracted from identified references.Data Synthesis:The mechanism leading to the development of irreversible vestibular injury from exposure to aminoglycosides appears to be through the excessive production of oxidative free radicals. This production and subsequent toxicity appears to be a time-dependent process and is unrelated to dose or ser...

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1345/aph.1L001

Aminoglycoside-Induced Vestibular Injury: Maintaining a Sense of Balance:

Protection from ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin in guinea pig

Peritonitis has been the most common and serious complication in patients receiving CAPD. Administering intraperitoneal antibiotics has been proven effective in CAPD peritonitis. To accommodate economic and feasibility considerations, an intermittent or once-daily dose scheme of giving antibiotics became more popular than continuous therapy (1). In this study, we propose an alternative method with an intermittent once-daily dose of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin for CAPD peritonitis.

Intraperitoneal once-daily dose of cefazolin and gentamicin for treating CAPD peritonitis.

A prospective study was undertaken of 10 chronic renal failure patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) complicated by repeated bouts of peritonitis treated with gentamicin. Each 10-day treatment course consisted of a 120 mg loading dose, followed by 16 mg in 21 of peritoneal dialysate, given four times a day. Serum gentamicin analysed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean level of 5.2 micrograms/ml, (range 3.7 to 6.6 mg/ml) four hours after the loading dose. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were maintained on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy, suggesting no accumulation of gentamicin in the serum. Pure tone audiometry, electronystagmography and clinical assessment were performed during each course of treatment. Although no evidence of ototoxicity was found during the first two courses of gentamicin, but disequilibrium and bobbing oscillopsia were present during the third and fourth courses of gentamicin. These findings could be explained by cumulative injury to the vestibular apparatus caused by repeated therapeutic insults.

Gentamicin ototoxicity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

In a prospective study on 47 patients, 16 mg of gentamicin per two litres dialysate was administered intraperitoneally at every cycle of intermittent peritoneal dialysis, carried out over the course of several days. Serum gentamicin sampling, pure tone audiometry and caloric tests were performed before and during the treatment. The gentamicin levels reached at the end of the thirtieth cycle were observed to be low. In view of this, the risk of acute ototoxicity was considered to be minimal. This was confirmed by the absence of clinical audiometric or vestibulometric evidence of toxicity.

Z. M. Zahir

Papers

Gentamicin ototoxicity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Gentamicin administration via peritoneal dialysis fluid: the risk of ototoxicity.