The intestinal microbiota, composed of a large population of microorganisms, is often considered a "forgotten organ" in human health and diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is closely related to colorectal cancer (CRC). The roles for intestinal microorganisms that initiated and facilitated the CRC process are becoming increasingly clear. Hypothesis models have been proposed to illustrate the complex relationship between the intestinal microbiota and CRC. Recent studies have identified Streptococcus bovis, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius as CRC candidate pathogens. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms involved in microbiota-related colorectal carcinogenesis, including inflammation, pathogenic bacteria, and their virulence factors, genotoxins, oxidative stress, bacterial metabolites, and biofilm. We also described the clinical values of intestinal microbiota and novel strategies for preventing and treating CRC.

/pdf/the-intestinal-microbiota-and-colorectal-cancer-1jng9qjxff.pdf

The Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon.

Metabolic diseases are becoming an alarming health issue due to elevated incidences of these diseases over the past few decades. Various environmental factors are associated with a number of metabolic diseases and often play a crucial role in this process. Amongst the factors, diet is the most important factor that can regulate these diseases via modulation of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome participates in multiple metabolic processes in the human body and is mainly responsible for regulation of host metabolism. The alterations in function and composition of the gut microbiota have been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases via induction of epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation by noncoding RNAs. These induced epigenetic modifications can also be regulated by metabolites produced by the gut microbiota including short-chain fatty acids, folates, biotin and trimethylamine-N-oxide. In addition, studies have elucidated the potential role of these microbial-produced metabolites in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes. Hence, this review focuses on the interactions between the gut microbiome and epigenetic processes in the regulation and development of obesity and diabetes, which may have potential as a novel preventive or therapeutic approach for several metabolic and other human diseases.

/pdf/the-epigenetic-connection-between-the-gut-microbiome-in-2bxbxql7lq.pdf

The Epigenetic Connection Between the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes

Probiotics for cancer alternative prevention and treatment.

Advances in our understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiota to human health and the correlation of dysbiosis with diseases, including chronic intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have driven mechanistic investigations of probiotics in intestinal homeostasis and potential clinical applications. Probiotics have been shown to promote intestinal health by maintaining and restoring epithelial function, ensuring mucosal immune homeostasis, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Recent findings reveal an approach for defining previously unrecognized probiotic-derived soluble factors as potential mechanisms of probiotic action. This review focuses on the impact of probiotics and probiotic-derived functional factors, including probiotic products and metabolites by probiotics, on the cellular responses and signaling pathways involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although there is limited information regarding the translation of probiotic treatment outcomes from in vitro and animal studies to clinical applications, potential approaches for increasing the clinical efficacy of probiotics for IBD, such as those based on probiotic-derived factors, are highlighted in this review. In this era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, more basic, preclinical, and clinical evidence is needed to clarify the efficacy of probiotics in maintaining intestinal health and preventing and treating disease.

/pdf/probiotics-and-probiotic-derived-functional-factors-1gade7apjo.pdf

Probiotics and Probiotic-Derived Functional Factors-Mechanistic Insights Into Applications for Intestinal Homeostasis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common and deadly cancers. Intestinal gut microflora is important to maintain and contributes to several intestinal functions, including the development of the mucosal immune system, absorption of complex macromolecules, synthesis of amino acids/vitamins and the protection against pathogenic microorganisms. It is well known that the gut microbiota changes or dysbiosis may have an essential impact in the initiation and promotion of chronic inflammatory pathways and also have a profound different genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to dysplasia, clonal expansion, and malignant transformation. Probiotic bacteria has antitumor activity with various mechanisms such as nonspecific physiological and immunological mechanisms. This review evaluates the effects of microbiota and probiotics in clinical trials, in vitro and animal model studies that have explored how probiotic against cancer development and also discusses the possible immunomodulatory mechanisms. Several mechanisms alteration of the intestinal microflora; inactivation of cancerogenic compounds; competition with putrefactive and pathogenic microbiota; improvement of the host's immune response; antiproliferative effects via regulation of apoptosis and cell differentiation; fermentation of undigested food; inhibition of tyrosine kinase; reduces the enteropathogenic complications before and after colon cancer surgery and improve diarrhea and it's have been able to create the integrity of gut mucosal and have stimulatory effects on the systemic immune system and prevent the CRC metastasis. Research in clinical trials encouraging findings that support a role of probiotics in CRC prevention and improve the safety and effectiveness of cancer therapy even though additional clinical research is still necessary.

Importance of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, poses a huge demand for immediate diagnosis. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs have been used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. To avoid the risk of viral-exposure of laboratory workers, thermal inactivation is currently recommended but has unknown effects on the accuracy of the rRT-PCR results. Thirty-six NP/OP specimens were collected from COVID-19 patients and subjected to thermal inactivation (60°C for 30 min) or the RNA extraction processes to activate the form. Here, our data showed that the concentration of extracted-RNA increases upon thermal inactivation compared to the active form (p = .028). Significantly higher levels of RNA copy number were obtained in inactivated compared to the active samples for both N and ORF1ab genes (p = .009, p = .032, respectively). Thermal inactivation elevated concentration and copy number of extracted-RNA, possibly through viral-capsid degradation and/or nucleoprotein denaturation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jcp.30206

Thermal inactivation of COVID-19 specimens improves RNA quality and quantity.

IL-27 impact on NK cells activity: Implication for a robust anti-tumor response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

/pdf/effect-of-il-27-on-activity-of-bone-marrow-nk-cells-of-20njsjzq3a.pdf

Effect of IL-27 on activity of bone marrow NK cells of patient with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia in vitro

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation. It mainly affects joints and nearby tissues. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the main role-player in the pathogenesis of RA. It binds to both TNF receptors namely TNF-RI and TNF-RII. Several studies have indicated a relationship between the TNF-RII 196R/R genotype with increased production of cytokines and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders. Objectives: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between TNF-RII polymorphism and RA. It also aimed to study the predictive value of the TNF-RII 196R allele for patients’ susceptibility to RA. Methods: A total of 100 patients and 100 controls were enrolled in the study and their peripheral blood DNA was extracted. Allelic discrimination was performed between case and control groups to investigate the association between the functional TNF-RII 196R polymorphism and RA. Screening analysis for genotyping of TNF-RII functional polymorphism was performed by the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay using real-time PCR. Results: There was a significant difference between cases and controls in terms of the distribution of TNF-RII genotypes (TT, TG, GG). Correlation analysis showed an association between the G mutant allele and functional 196R polymorphism (CI = 95%, OR = 2.6, P = 0.035). Conclusions: According to our results, there is a significant correlation between TNF-RII polymorphism and the risk of RA.

Zahra Rasouli Nejad

Papers

Importance of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Thermal inactivation of COVID-19 specimens improves RNA quality and quantity.

IL-27 impact on NK cells activity: Implication for a robust anti-tumor response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Effect of IL-27 on activity of bone marrow NK cells of patient with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia in vitro

Association Study of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type II Polymorphism (196R) with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Iranian People