A general relativistic cosmological model is presented which has closed space sections and mass density below a critical density similar to that of Friedmann's models. The model may predict double images of cosmic sources: a hint is made at a qualitative application to quasar astronomy.

A cosmological model with compact space sections and low mass density

A review of big-bang cosmology is presented, emphasizing the big-bang model, hypotheses on the origin of galaxies, observational tests of the big-bang model that may be possible with the Large Space Telescope, and the scale-covariant theory of gravitation. Detailed attention is given to the equations of general relativity, the redshift-distance relation for extragalactic objects, expansion of the universe, the initial singularity, the discovery of the 3-K blackbody radiation, and measurements of the amount of deuterium in the universe. The curvature of the expanding universe is examined along with the magnitude-redshift relation for quasars and galaxies. Several models for the origin of galaxies are evaluated, and it is suggested that a model of galaxy formation via the formation of black holes is consistent with the model of an expanding universe. Scale covariance is discussed, a scale-covariant theory is developed which contains invariance under scale transformation, and it is shown that Dirac's (1937) large-numbers hypothesis finds a natural role in this theory by relating the atomic and Einstein units.

New trends in cosmology

Extrapolation towards the beginning in relativistic cosmology

Afinal issue now needs to be engaged: Given our commitment to theism, do we have some idea of what measured time coincides with God’s metaphysical time, or in other words, what clock time is the true time? The answer to this question will take us from Special into General Relativity, as we seek to gain a cosmic perspective on time.

God’s Time and General Relativity

If, as I have argued, God exists in time and there is some physical time which is the measure of God’s time, as Newton believed, then the question arises as to whether we have some idea of which measured time coincides with God’s metaphysical time, or in other words, what clock time is the true time? The answer to this question will take us from Special into General Relativity, as we seek to gain a cosmic perspective on time.

God, Time, and Relativity

Testing cosmological models is worthwhile as long as the theoretical assumptions, on which these models are based, are true In this report observational material testing the Cosmological Principle separately for geometry and substratum, is discussed without referring to any given model of the Universe

Zbigniew Klimek

Papers

Observational Foundations for Assumptions in Cosmology