SUMMARY The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States. In particular, the Scientific Panel is asked to evaluate six flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 16, Revision 1 (FGE.16Rev1), using the procedure as referred to in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. These six flavouring substances belong to chemical group 21, Annex I of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. The present Flavouring Group Evaluation deals with six aromatic ketones. None of the six flavouring substances can exist as geometrical or optical isomers. Five of the six flavouring substances are classified into structural class I and one is classified into structural class III. Four of the six flavouring substances in the present group have been reported to occur naturally in a wide range of food items. In its evaluation, the Panel as a default used the Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intake (MSDI) approach to estimate the per capita intakes of the flavouring substances in Europe. However, when the Panel examined the information provided by the European Flavouring Industry on the

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food

The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States. In particular, the Scientific Panel is asked to evaluate the 47 flavouring substances in this Flavouring Group Evaluation 6, Revision 1 (FGE.06Rev1), using the procedure as referred to in the Commission Regulation EC No 1565/2000. These 47 flavouring substances belong to chemical groups 1 and 4 of Annex I of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000.

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission, Flavouring Group Evaluation 22: Ring-substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25: Question No EFSA-Q-2003-165

Molecular, clinical, and environmental toxicolog , Molecular, clinical, and environmental toxicolog , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology

Styrene is used in the production of plastics and resins, which include polystyrene resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, styrene-acrylonitrile resins, styrene-butadiene copolymer resins, styrene-butadiene rubber, and unsaturated polyester resins. In 1985, styrene ranked in the top ten of synthetic organic chemicals produced in the U.S. This review focuses on various aspects of styrene toxicology including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, effects on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, pharmacokinetic modeling, and covalent interactions with macromolecules. There appear to be many similarities between the toxicity and metabolism of styrene in rodents and humans. Needed areas of future research on styrene include studies on the molecular dosimetry of styrene in terms of both hemoglobin and DNA adducts. The results of such research should improve our ability to assess the relationship between exposure to styrene and surrogate measures of "effective dose", thereby improving our ability to estimate the effects of low-level human exposures.

Review of the toxicology of styrene.

The absorption, blood levels, distribution, excretion, and biotransformation of styrene in man and experimental animals are briefly reviewed. The acute toxicity of styrene appears to be unrelated t...

Metabolism and toxicity of styrene.

In eight-hour inhalation experiments with volunteers in a gas chamber, the biotransformation of ethyl benzene, styrene, and α-methylstyrene was investigated. About two-thirds of the vapors are retained in the respiratory tract. After the inhalation was terminated, only traces were found in the expired air in the case of ethyl benzene, but no exhaled styrene could be detected. The amounts of these hydrocarbons excreted in urine were negligible. The main urine metabolite of ethyl benzene and styrene in man is mandelic acid; a smaller portion is eliminated as phenylglyoxylic acid and, in the case of ethyl benzene, as methylphenylcarbinol. Mandelic acid is excreted rapidly from the organism; its determination in urine may be recommended as an index of exposure for ethyl benzene as well as for styrene. In urine of subjects exposed to a-methylstyrene, atrolactic acid was found.

Zdenek Bardodej

Papers

Biotransformation of Ethyl Benzene, Styrene, and Alpha-Methyl sty rene in Man