Recently reported radioisotopic dates and magnetic anomaly spacings have made it evident that modification is required for the age calibrations for the geomagnetic polarity timescale of Cande and Kent (1992) at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and in the Pliocene. An adjusted geomagnetic reversal chronology for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic is presented that is consistent with astrochronology in the Pleistocene and Pliocene and with a new timescale for the Mesozoic. The age of 66 Ma for the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary used for calibration in the geomagnetic polarity timescale of Cande and Kent (1992) (hereinafter referred to as CK92) was supported by high precision laser fusion Ar/Ar sanidine single crystal dates from nonmarine strata in Montana. However, these age determinations are now

/pdf/revised-calibration-of-the-geomagnetic-polarity-timescale-3xg69p3ilk.pdf

Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic

We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10 4 - to 10 6 -year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10 7 -year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).

/pdf/the-phanerozoic-record-of-global-sea-level-change-14696qrujw.pdf

The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change

This report summarizes the international divisions and ages in the Geologic Time Scale, published
in 2012 (GTS2012). Since 2004, when GTS2004 was detailed, major developments have taken place
that directly bear and have considerable impact on the intricate science of geologic time scaling. Precam brian
now has a detailed proposal for chronostratigraphic subdivision instead of an outdated and abstract chronometric
one. Of 100 chronostratigraphic units in the Phanerozoic 63 now have formal definitions, but stable
chronostratigraphy in part of upper Paleozoic, Triassic and Middle Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous is still wanting.
Detailed age calibration now exist between radiometric methods and orbital tuning, making 40Ar-39Ar dates
0.64% older and more accurate. In general, numeric uncertainty in the time scale, although complex and not
entirely amenable to objective analysis, is improved and reduced. Bases of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
are bracketed by analytically precise ages, respectively 541 0.63, 252.16 0.5, and 65.95 0.05 Ma.
High-resolution, direct age-dates now exist for base-Carboniferous, base-Permian, base-Jurassic, base-Cenomanian
and base-Eocene. Relative to GTS2004, 26 of 100 time scale boundaries have changed age, of which
14 have changed more than 4 Ma, and 4 (in Middle to Late Triassic) between 6 and 12 Ma. There is much
higher stratigraphic resolution in Late Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene, and improved integration
with stable isotopes stratigraphy. Cenozoic and Cretaceous have a refined magneto-biochronology.
The spectacular outcrop sections for the Rosello Composite in Sicily, Italy and at Zumaia, Basque Province,
Spain encompass the Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points for two Pliocene and two Paleocene
stages. Since the cycle record indicates, to the best of our knowledge that the stages sediment fill is stratigraphically
complete, these sections also may fulfill the important role of stage unit stratotypes for three of
these stages, Piacenzian, Zanclean and Danian

On The Geologic Time Scale

We present four companion digital models of the age, age uncertainty, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetries of the world's ocean basins as geographic and Mercator grids with 2 arc min resolution. The grids include data from all the major ocean basins as well as detailed reconstructions of back-arc basins. The age, spreading rate, and asymmetry at each grid node are determined by linear interpolation between adjacent seafloor isochrons in the direction of spreading. Ages for ocean floor between the oldest identified magnetic anomalies and continental crust are interpolated by geological estimates of the ages of passive continental margin segments. The age uncertainties for grid cells coinciding with marine magnetic anomaly identifications, observed or rotated to their conjugate ridge flanks, are based on the difference between gridded age and observed age. The uncertainties are also a function of the distance of a given grid cell to the nearest age observation and the proximity to fracture zones or other age discontinuities. Asymmetries in crustal accretion appear to be frequently related to asthenospheric flow from mantle plumes to spreading ridges, resulting in ridge jumps toward hot spots. We also use the new age grid to compute global residual basement depth grids from the difference between observed oceanic basement depth and predicted depth using three alternative age-depth relationships. The new set of grids helps to investigate prominent negative depth anomalies, which may be alternatively related to subducted slab material descending in the mantle or to asthenospheric flow. A combination of our digital grids and the associated relative and absolute plate motion model with seismic tomography and mantle convection model outputs represents a valuable set of tools to investigate geodynamic problems.

/pdf/age-spreading-rates-and-spreading-asymmetry-of-the-world-s-5bj3otyvfc.pdf

Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust

/pdf/global-continental-and-ocean-basin-reconstructions-since-200-huopwd2ldv.pdf

Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiometric dates, including high- resolution ^Ar/^Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Detailed attention is given to chronostratigraphic calibration of stage boundaries using tethyan and boreal biozonations. Interpolation techniques to arrive at a geochronology include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology. The age estimates for the 31 stage boundaries (Ma with uncertainty in my to 2 standard deviations), and the duration of the preceding stages (in my) are:

A Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Time Scale

Potocatalytic antifouling membrane with dense nano-TiO2 coating for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation and self-cleaning

Membrane surface fouling is often reversible as it can be mitigated by enhancing the crossflow shear force. However, membrane internal fouling is often irreversible and thus more challenging. In this study, we developed a new superhydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (P-PVDF) membrane confined with nano-Fe3O4 in the top skin layer via reverse filtration to reduce internal fouling. The surface of the P-PVDF membrane confined with nano-Fe3O4 had superwetting properties (water contact angle reaching 0° within 1 s), increased roughness (from 182 to 239 nm), and enhanced water affinity. The Fe3O4@P-PVDF membrane surface showed a thicker and enhanced hydration layer, which prevented foulants from approaching membrane surfaces and pores, thereby improving the rejection. For example, when 50 ppm humic acid (HA) solution was used as the feed, the removal efficiency of the Fe3O4@P-PVDF membrane was ∼67%, while the HA removal of the P-PVDF membrane was only ∼20%. The results from the resistance-in-series model showed that nanoconfinement of Fe3O4 in the top skin layer of the membrane allowed foulants to accumulate on the membrane surface (i.e., surface fouling) rather than within the internal pores (i.e., internal fouling). The filtration results under crossflow fouling and cleaning confirmed that the Fe3O4@P-PVDF membrane had higher surface fouling but it was much more reversible and much lower internal fouling compared with the control membrane. Our fouling analysis offers new insights into mass transfer mechanisms of the membrane with a nanoconfinement-enhanced hydration layer. This study provides an effective strategy to develop membranes with low internal fouling propensities.

Confining Nano-Fe3O4 in the Superhydrophilic Membrane Skin Layer to Minimize Internal Fouling.

Three sequencing methods were used to calculate the most likely biozonation and the periodicity of sedimentary cycles in Lower Cretaceous pelagic strata of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.A database...

Zehui Huang

Papers

A Mesozoic time scale

A Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Time Scale

Potocatalytic antifouling membrane with dense nano-TiO2 coating for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation and self-cleaning

Confining Nano-Fe3O4 in the Superhydrophilic Membrane Skin Layer to Minimize Internal Fouling.

Optimum microfossil sequences and cyclic sediment patterns in Early Cretaceous pelagic strata