Spatial scale is a fundamental problem in Geography. Scale effect caused by fractal characteristic of coastline becomes a common focus of coastal zone managers and researchers. In this study, based on DEM and remote sensing images, multi-scale continental coastlines of China were extracted and the fractal characteristic was analyzed. The results are shown as follows. (1) The continental coastline of China fits the fractal model, and the fractal dimension is 1.195. (2) The scale effects with fractal dimensions of coastline have significant differences according to uplift and subsidence segments along the continental coastlines of China. (3) The fractal dimension of coastline has significant spatial heterogeneity according to the coastline types. The fractal dimension of sandy coastline located in Luanhe River plain is 1.109. The dimension of muddy coastline located in northern Jiangsu Plain is 1.059, while that of rocky coastline along southeastern Fujian is 1.293. (4) The length of rocky coastline is affected by scale more than that of muddy and sandy coastline. Since coastline is the conjunction of sea, land and air surface, the study of coastline scale effect is one of the scientific bases for the researches on air-sea-land interaction in multi-scales.

Scale effects of the continental coastline of China

From the viewpoint of mathematical morphology, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image contains the distortion effect of the tip convolution on a real sample surface. If tip shape can be characterized accurately, mathematical deconvolution can be applied to reduce the distortion to obtain more precise AFM images. AFM image reconstruction has practical significance in nanoscale observation and manipulation technology. Among recent tip modeling algorithms, the blind tip evaluation algorithm based on mathematical morphology is widely used. However, it takes considerable computing time, and the noise threshold is hard to optimize. To tackle these problems, a new blind modeling method is proposed in this paper to accelerate the computation of the algorithm and realize the optimum threshold estimation to build a precise tip model. The simulation verifies the efficiency of the new algorithm by comparing the computing time with the original one. The calculated tip shape is also validated by comparison with the SEM image of the tip. Finally, the reconstruction of a carbon nanotube image based on the precise tip model illustrates the feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/10/105404/pdf

Reconstruction of an AFM image based on estimation of the tip shape

Our paper proposes an approach for the extraction of stream channels from airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) data. Recent advances in technology have led to high-resolution topographic data acquisition by means of ALSM yielding digital elevation model (DEM) datasets with horizontal resolutions of lm and a vertical accuracy of 0.15 m. We apply morphological operations on an ALSM DEM to detect stream channels. The results are compared with an existing terrain analysis tool known as TauDEM. Tools like TauDEM use morphology over large-scale areas but they often fail in detecting stream networks over small-scale areas. The proposed method uses small-scale morphology to provide complementary results for streamline locations over a small catchment area.

Extraction of Stream Channels in High-Resolution Digital Terrain Images Using Morphology

Outdoor worlds are often the setting for games and game worlds are often accompanied by a stylized version of the world drawn by an artist as a 2D map. Procedurally generating the terrain allows games to have a higher replay value. A limitation of procedural terrain generation is an artistic map of the terrain cannot be created by an artist beforehand. We propose an algorithm for generating a stylized 2D map from a simple procedurally generated 2D basis map. Our algorithm could be used in a game to generate stylized maps at execution time or in an offline application to serve as a guideline for an artist.

Procedural generation of stylized 2D maps

The invention relates to a controllable fractal interpolation method and system taking the constraint of the geographical feature of a coastline into account. The method comprises the following steps: detecting the bending feature of the coastline and dividing the coastline into a plurality of bending elements according to the bending feature; sequentially conducting fractal interpolation on the bending elements one by one according to a one-dimensional random midpoint displacement method to obtain a plurality of fractal interpolation unit curves in one-to-one correspondence with the bending elements; and combining the fractal interpolation unit curves sequentially to obtain a complete coastline fractal interpolation curve. According to the controllable fractal interpolation method and system, the coastline is divided into the bending elements first, and then fractal interpolation is sequentially conducted on the bending elements one by one according to the one-dimensional random midpoint displacement method, so that not only is the fractal feature of the coastline maintained, but also the geographical bending feature of the coastline is well taken into account.

Controllable fractal interpolation method and system taking constraints of geographical feature of coastline into account

Method of multi-scale transformation: an experiments of coastline

Spatial scale is one of the fundamental problems in geosciences.The spatial scale of remote sensing information and the spatial scale transformation have become the object of many scientific studies with the applications of remote sensing data.In this paper,the spatial scale of shoreline information extracted from satellite images with different resolutions has been studied based on fractal geometry.Two spatial scale transform models based on scale and fractal scale-dependence have been developed.The models have been used to transfer shoreline spatial scale extracted from IKONOS,IRS,SPOT and ETM+ images to(1∶10000) and(1∶50000) scales.The results have been compared with the map scale.It shows that the models work well.

Study on Spatial Scale of Shoreline Remote Sensing Information Based on Fractal Theory

This work describes the Nanji Islands marine natural reserves information system. The system is developed specially for Nanji Islands using remote sensing, geographical information system, database, and computer techniques. In Nanji Islands marine natural reserves information system, spatial database, remote sensing information database, shellfish and alga database and so on are established, and the system have the functions managing, updating and querying.

Established and application of Nanji Islands marine natural reserves information system

The scale issue is the most important item in the remote sensing application. The scale affects the information contents of the remote sensing imagery. Usually, the scale is determined by the sensor resolution. In this paper, a series satellite remotely sensed images with different resolutions are adapted to study the scale characteristics of remote sensing. The results show that the natural shoreline is a representative fractal object, and its length is dependent on the scale or the remote sensing resolution. The scale fractal characteristics are the important to monitoring of shoreline. The length at a special scale can be calculated from property remote sensing images based on the study, which is meaningful for coastal remote sensing surveying.. I. INTRODUCTION The scale issue is the most important item in the remote sensing application. The scale affects the information contents of the remote sensing imagery. Usually, the scale of remote sensing information is determined by the sensor resolution. The results of remote sensing monitoring for the same object with different resolution images are discrepant. For example, the length of shoreline is related to the measure scale, here is the resolution of sensor. The shoreline derived from high resolution image is longer than that derived from lower resolution image.

Scale characteristics of remote sensing information: a case of shoreline

Spatial scale is one of the fundamental problems in geosciences. The spatial scale of remote sensing information and scaling have become the important study area of many scientific studies with the applications of remote sensing data. Usually, the scale of remote sensing image is determined by the sensor's resolution, and the resolution affects the information contents of the remote sensing imagery. The purpose of the study is to find the quantitative relationship between remote sensing information and resolution, and then to develop a scaling model for remote sensing shoreline in order to get more accurate measurement. In this paper, the spatial scale of shoreline information extracted from satellite images with different resolutions has been studied based on fractal geometry. A spatial scaling model has been developed. The model has been used to scale the shorelines spatial scale extracted from IKONOS, IRS, SPOT and ETM+ images to 1:10000 and 1:50000 scales. The results have been compared with standard topographic map scales. It is shown that the model works well.

Zhang Huaguo

Papers

Method of multi-scale transformation: an experiments of coastline

Study on Spatial Scale of Shoreline Remote Sensing Information Based on Fractal Theory

Established and application of Nanji Islands marine natural reserves information system

Scale characteristics of remote sensing information: a case of shoreline

The Effect of Spatial Scale of Shoreline Remote Sensing Information and Its Application