The ECG in Emergency Decision Making

Reduced features set neural network approach based on high-resolution time-frequency images for cardiac abnormality detection

Background Electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most common noninvasive diagnostic tools that can provide useful information regarding a patient’s health status. Deep learning (DL) is an area of intense exploration that leads the way in most attempts to create powerful diagnostic models based on physiological signals. Objective This study aimed to provide a systematic review of DL methods applied to ECG data for various clinical applications. Methods The PubMed search engine was systematically searched by combining “deep learning” and keywords such as “ecg,” “ekg,” “electrocardiogram,” “electrocardiography,” and “electrocardiology.” Irrelevant articles were excluded from the study after screening titles and abstracts, and the remaining articles were further reviewed. The reasons for article exclusion were manuscripts written in any language other than English, absence of ECG data or DL methods involved in the study, and absence of a quantitative evaluation of the proposed approaches. Results We identified 230 relevant articles published between January 2020 and December 2021 and grouped them into 6 distinct medical applications, namely, blood pressure estimation, cardiovascular disease diagnosis, ECG analysis, biometric recognition, sleep analysis, and other clinical analyses. We provide a complete account of the state-of-the-art DL strategies per the field of application, as well as major ECG data sources. We also present open research problems, such as the lack of attempts to address the issue of blood pressure variability in training data sets, and point out potential gaps in the design and implementation of DL models. Conclusions We expect that this review will provide insights into state-of-the-art DL methods applied to ECG data and point to future directions for research on DL to create robust models that can assist medical experts in clinical decision-making.

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State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Methods on Electrocardiogram Data: Systematic Review

Deep learning methods have shown early progress in analyzing complicated ECG signals, especially in heartbeat classification and arrhythmia detection. There is still a great deal of space for further research on this area before reaching a definite decision. This study introduced a novel hybrid framework based on a bidirectional recurrent neural network (BiRNN) with a multilayered dilated convolution neural network (CNN) for arrhythmia classification. Initially, the raw ECG signals are filtered using Chebyshev Type II method and the Daubechies wavelet method is used to solve fractal problems and signal discontinuities. Then, a synthetic signal is generated using a generative adversarial network (GAN) to handle imbalanced signal classes. The proposed Bidirectional RNN with Dilated CNN (BRDC) architecture takes advantage of multilayered dilated CNN and bidirectional RNN units (bidirectional gated recurrent Units, BiGRU, bidirectional long short-term memory, BiLSTM) to generate fusion features and then, fusion features are classified in the fully connected layer. The PhysioNet 2017 challenge (MIT-BIH) dataset is used to train and validate the proposed approach. By combining fusion features with dilated CNN, the proposed approach outperforms the existing model for arrhythmia detection with 99.90 % accuracy, 98.41 % F1-score, 97.96 % precision, and 99.90 % recall. Overall, our hybrid BRDC model provides a cost-effective ECG signal reduction and high-performance automated recognition technique to identify arrhythmia. In the future, an automatic and cloud-based system with more arrhythmia data variance to test the model’s robustness will be given the highest priority.

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A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Approach using BiGRU-BiLSTM and Multi-layered Dilated CNN to Detect Arrhythmia

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that may cause blood clots and increase the risk of stroke and heart failure. Traditional 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition equipment is complex and difficult to carry. Short single-lead ECG recordings based on wearable devices can remedy these shortcomings. However, reliable and accurate atrial fibrillation detection is still an issue because of the limited information on the short single-lead ECG recordings. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-branch convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory network (MCNN-BLSTM) to deal with the reliability and accuracy of AF detection in short single-lead ECG recordings. Firstly, to fuller extract the feature information of short single-lead ECG recordings, the MCNN module is designed to dynamically set several corresponding branches according to the number of slices of short single-lead ECG recordings. Then, the BLSTM module is designed to further enhance the feature information learned from each branch. We validated the model on the PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2017 (CinC2017) database and verified the generalization of the model on the China Physiological Signal Challenge 2018 (CPSC2018) database. The results show that the accuracy of the model on the CinC 2017 database reaches 87.57%, and the average F1 score reaches 84.56%. The accuracy of the model on the CPSC 2018 database reaches 87.50%, and the average F1 score reaches 82.01%. Compared with other advanced methods, our model shows better performance and can meet the daily needs of atrial fibrillation detection with short ECG wearable devices.

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An Effective Atrial Fibrillation Detection from Short Single-Lead Electrocardiogram Recordings Using MCNN-BLSTM Network

In recent years, deep learning (DNN) based methods have made leapfrogging level breakthroughs in detecting cardiac arrhythmias as the cost effectiveness of arithmetic power, and data size has broken through the tipping point. However, the inability of these methods to provide a basis for modeling decisions limits clinicians' confidence on such methods. In this paper, a Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) and decision tree fusion model, referred to as (T-GRU), was designed to explore the problem of arrhythmia recognition and to improve the credibility of deep learning methods. The fusion model multipathway processing time-frequency domain featured the introduction of decision tree probability analysis of frequency domain features, the regularization of GRU model parameters and weight control to improve the decision tree model output weights. The MIT-BIH arrhythmia database was used for validation. Results showed that the low-frequency band features dominated the model prediction. The fusion model had an accuracy of 98.31%, sensitivity of 96.85%, specificity of 98.81%, and precision of 96.73%, indicating its high reliability and clinical significance.

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Identification of Arrhythmia by Using a Decision Tree and Gated Network Fusion Model.

Acquiring electrocardiographic (ECG) signals and performing arrhythmia classification in mobile device scenarios have the advantages of short response time, almost no network bandwidth consumption, and human resource savings. In recent years, deep neural networks have become a popular method to efficiently and accurately simulate nonlinear patterns of ECG data in a data-driven manner but require more resources. Therefore, it is crucial to design deep learning (DL) algorithms that are more suitable for resource-constrained mobile devices. In this paper, KecNet, a lightweight neural network construction scheme based on domain knowledge, is proposed to model ECG data by effectively leveraging signal analysis and medical knowledge. To evaluate the performance of KecNet, we use the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) protocol and the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database to classify five arrhythmia categories. The result shows that the ACC, SEN, and PRE achieve 99.31%, 99.45%, and 98.78%, respectively. In addition, it also possesses high robustness to noisy environments, low memory usage, and physical interpretability advantages. Benefiting from these advantages, KecNet can be applied in practice, especially wearable and lightweight mobile devices for arrhythmia classification.

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KecNet: A Light Neural Network for Arrhythmia Classification Based on Knowledge Reinforcement.

The invention discloses an upper limb rehabilitation robot based on binocular vision. The device comprises a mechanical structure, a main control module, a remote control module, a motor module, a limb information collection and processing module, a detection module, a communication module and a power module. Characterized in that the mechanical structure comprises a base assembly, a waist rotaryjoint, a main arm rotary joint, a main arm, a main arm external fixing sleeve, an auxiliary arm rotary joint, an auxiliary arm and an auxiliary arm external fixing sleeve; The main control module is aSTM32 single chip microcomputer; The motor module comprises a direct current deceleration motor and a motor driver; The limb information acquisition and processing module comprises a binocular cameraand a computer; The detection module is a surface myoelectric sensor; The communication module is a SX1278 chip. The surface electromyography sensor communicates with the main control module throughSPI, and the binocular camera communicates with the computer through USB interface. The invention discloses an upper limb rehabilitation robot based on binocular vision.

An upper limb rehabilitation robot based on binocular vision

Electrocardiogram (ECG) contains the rhythmic features of continuous heartbeat and morphological features of ECG waveforms and varies among different diseases. Based on ECG signal features, we propose a combination of multiple neural networks, the multichannel parallel neural network (MLCNN-BiLSTM), to explore feature information contained in ECG. The MLCNN channel is used in extracting the morphological features of ECG waveforms. Compared with traditional convolutional neural network (CNN), the MLCNN can accurately extract strong relevant information on multilead ECG while ignoring irrelevant information. It is suitable for the special structures of multilead ECG. The Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) channel is used in extracting the rhythmic features of ECG continuous heartbeat. Finally, by initializing the core threshold parameters and using the backpropagation algorithm to update automatically, the weighted fusion of the temporal-spatial features extracted from multiple channels in parallel is used in exploring the sensitivity of different cardiovascular diseases to morphological and rhythmic features. Experimental results show that the accuracy rate of multiple cardiovascular diseases is 87.81%, sensitivity is 86.00%, and specificity is 87.76%. We proposed the MLCNN-BiLSTM neural network that can be used as the first-round screening tool for clinical diagnosis of ECG.

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A New Multichannel Parallel Network Framework for the Special Structure of Multilead ECG.

The invention discloses a tail-end-traction-type upper limb rehabilitation robot. The robot is characterized by comprising a mechanical framework, a main control module, a motor module, an informationcollection module, an information processing module, a communication module and a detection module. The mechanical framework comprises a base, a rotation disc, a main arm, an auxiliary arm, a connection rod, a gear, a grip and a bandage; the main control module is an STM32 single chip microcomputer, and a mirror image robot control algorithm is arranged in the main control module; the motor module comprises a direct current gear motor, a supporting rack and a fixing shaft; the information collection module is a three-axis inertial sensor; the information processing module is a PC; the communication module is a 2.4G module; the detection module is a myoelectricity sensor. According to the tail-end-traction-type upper limb rehabilitation robot, the infected arm is pulled for rehabilitationtraining through a grip structure, the information processing module is connected with the information collection module through a USB and is in communication with the communication module through anSPI, the communication module is in communication with the main control module through an LoRa, and the detection module is connected with the main control module through an SPI. The invention discloses the tail-end-traction-type upper limb rehabilitation robot.

Zhang Yabin

Papers

Identification of Arrhythmia by Using a Decision Tree and Gated Network Fusion Model.

KecNet: A Light Neural Network for Arrhythmia Classification Based on Knowledge Reinforcement.

An upper limb rehabilitation robot based on binocular vision

A New Multichannel Parallel Network Framework for the Special Structure of Multilead ECG.

Tail-end-traction-type upper limb rehabilitation robot