The occurrence and prevalence of pine wood nematode disease has had a great impact on China’s forestry production and ecological environment, but the quantitative evaluation of the economic losses of this biological disease is lacking from a macro-geographic scale and long-term series perspective. This study establishes a pine wood nematode disease economic loss evaluation index system, covering the loss of natural ecology, landscape aesthetics and economic production, and quantitatively evaluates the economic losses of pine wood nematode disease in mainland China at a provincial level from 1998 to 2017. The results show that the economic losses of the pine wood nematode disease in China showed a fluctuant rising trend from 1998, since 2013, it has entered a full-scale outbreak phase, and since 2015, the economic loss has increased significantly, with a growth rate higher than 40%. The average annual total economic loss is CNY 7.17 billion, of which the direct economic losses is CNY 1.53 billion, and the indirect economic losses is CNY 5.64 billion. The loss of forest material resources, the expenditure of ineffective forest management expenditure and prevention and control expenditure were CNY 817 million, CNY 649 million, and CNY 67 million, respectively. Regulate service value loss, support service value loss and cultural service loss are CNY 3.95 billion, CNY 1.41 billion, CNY 276 million, respectively. East China and South China suffered the most due to pine wood nematode disease, and the economic loss of these regions accounted for 79.9% of the total national economic losses. Among them, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province and Jiangsu Province lost CNY 2.14 billion, CNY 1.81 billion, and CNY 1.22 billion, respectively, accounting for 26.8%, 22.7% and 15.3% of the total national economic loss.

Economic Loss of Pine Wood Nematode Disease in Mainland China from 1998 to 2017

Construction and case analysis of an index for the sustainability of ecosystem services

The objective assessment of ecological systems forms the basis of solving ecological environmental problems. Evaluating the ecosystem status of each county through the gross ecosystem product (GEP) can reveal the value of each ecosystem. In this study, we used the eco-economic method to calculate the GEP and the green gold index (GGI) of 13 counties in Hulunbuir City between 2015 and 2020. The results show that: (1) The GEP of Hulunbuir City in 2020 was 980.025 billion yuan. The GGI was 8.36, which was much higher than the national average. (2) Forestry and pastoral regions were the main contributors to the regulation service. (3) Hulunbuir City had the largest forest value, while the farmland value was the lowest. The most important sources of forest, grassland, wetland, water, and farmland value were Oroqen, Xin Right Banner, Xin Left Banner, Xin Right Banner, and Morin Banner, respectively. Based on our analysis, we found significant results through the transformation of the “Two Mountains” in Erguna, Genhe, and Zhalantun. The other counties in our study must optimize ecological research with respect to the traditional economic model. Our results provide a scientific reference for the application of the “Two Mountains” base in each county.

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Evaluation of the Gross Ecosystem Product and Analysis of the Transformation Path of “Two Mountains” in Hulunbuir City, China

Among the numerous inland river basins in the arid northwest China, Shiyang River basin is known for its most serious water shortage that constrains its social and economic developments and for some of the worst ecological and environmental deterioration in China. The research on the value of water resources used for ecosystem is the basis for reasonable allocation of water resources between users of ecosystem and economic system. In this paper the concept of dynamic value for the ecosystem services is proposed. A modified coefficient for the ecosystem service value per unit area is proposed according to the cover degrees of biomes combined with expert consultation. Based on the developmental stage coefficient and scarcity of ecological resources, a dynamic evaluation method is proposed. The theoretical formula and simple calculation formula of the sharing benefits coefficient and benefits per unit ecological water utilization are proposed. The result shows that the benefit of unit ecological water utilization in the lower reach was greater than that in the upper reach in the Shiyang River basin.

Benefits evaluation of water resources used for ecosystem in Shiyang River Basin of Gansu Province

In this article, the analytic hierarchy process was used to make evaluation on ecological security in Xinjiang, China , we
have calculated the degree of environmental subsystem, social subsystem, economic subsystem and total system of
ecological security system in Xinjiang from 1988 to 2010. We have analyzed warning and controlling ecological
security of Xinjiang in short-medium range(2004-2010). By using sensitivity factors that influence ecological security
system of Xinjiang, which includes environmental subsystem, social subsystem, economic subsystem and total system.
The main conclusions as follows: From 2004 to 2010,the ecological security situations of environmental subsystem are
rising and economic subsystems are obviously ascendant in Xinjiang; According to the contributions of these three
subsystem, the list is successively: Environmental subsystem >Social subsystem >Economic subsystem; proved that the
ecological environment structure of Xinjiang is very fragile and unstable from holistic standard of ecological security
and quantity.

Zhao Jing

Papers

Ecosystem Services Evaluation Based on Comprehensive National Power for Sustainable Development - the Evaluations on 13 Countries