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Recent Advances in Zn-Ion Batteries

Although current high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have taken over the commercial rechargeable battery market, increasing concerns about limited lithium resources, high cost, and insecurity of organic electrolyte scale-up limit their further development. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), an alternative battery chemistry, have paved the way not only for realizing environmentally benign and safe energy storage devices but also for reducing the manufacturing costs of next-generation batteries. This Review underscores recent advances in aqueous ZIBs; these include the design of a highly reversible Zn anode, optimization of the electrolyte, and a wide range of cathode materials and their energy storage mechanisms. We also present recent advanced techniques that aim at overcoming the current issues in aqueous ZIB systems. This Review on the future perspectives and research directions will provide a guide for future aqueous ZIB study.

Recent Advances in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Zinc-ion batteries built on water-based electrolytes featuring compelling price-points, competitive performance, and enhanced safety represent advanced energy storage chemistry as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion battery systems. Attempts to develop rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) can be traced to as early as the 1980s; however, since 2015, the research activity in this field has surged throughout the world. Despite the achievements made in exploring electrode materials so far, significant challenges remain at the material level and even on the whole aqueous ZIBs system, leading to the failure of ZIBs to meet commercial requirements. This review aims to discuss how to pave the way for developing aqueous ZIBs. The current research efforts related to aqueous ZIBs electrode materials and electrolytes are summarized, including an analysis of the problems encountered in both cathode/anode materials and electrolyte optimization. Some concerns and feasible solutions for achieving practical aqueous ZIBs are discussed in detail. We would like to point out that merely improving the electrode materials is not enough; synergistic optimization strategies toward the whole battery system are also deeply needed. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the subsequent optimization design for further research efforts in the aqueous ZIB field.

Issues and opportunities facing aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...

Active Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Morphology, and Electrochemistry

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) show conspicuous potential in large-scale energy storage systems due to their cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendliness. Yet developmental cathodes in aqueous ZIBs suffer from sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. Herein, we introduce an effective strategy by the chemical intercalation of Li+ into the interlayer of V2O5·nH2O, i.e. LixV2O5·nH2O (LVO), with enlarged layer spacing and fast Zn2+ diffusion. As a cathode in aqueous ZIBs with a 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte, the cotton-like LVO-250 demonstrates high rate capacities and excellent cycling performance (232 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 5 A g−1, and 192 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1). The electrochemical reaction kinetics and zinc storage mechanism are investigated in detail.

Li+ intercalated V2O5·nH2O with enlarged layer spacing and fast ion diffusion as an aqueous zinc-ion battery cathode

Pilotaxitic Na1.1V3O7.9 nanoribbons/graphene as high-performance sodium ion battery and aqueous zinc ion battery cathode

Sodium-ion batteries are widely regarded as a promising supplement for lithium-ion battery technology. However, it still suffers from some challenges, including low energy/power density and unsatisfactory cycling stability. Here, a cross-linked graphene-caged Na3V2(PO4)2F3 microcubes (NVPF@rGO) composite via a one-pot hydrothermal strategy followed by freeze drying and heat treatment is reported. As a cathode for a sodium-ion half-cell, the NVPF@rGO delivers excellent cycling stability and rate capability, as well as good low temperature adaptability. The structural evolution during the repeated Na+ extraction/insertion and Na ions diffusion kinetics in the NVPF@rGO electrode are investigated. Importantly, a practicable sodium-ion full-cell is constructed using a NVPF@rGO cathode and a N-doped carbon anode, which delivers outstanding cycling stability (95.1% capacity retention over 400 cycles at 10 C), as well as an exceptionally high energy density (291 Wh kg-1 at power density of 192 W kg-1). Such micro-/nanoscale design and engineering strategies, as well as deeper understanding of the ion diffusion kinetics, may also be used to explore other micro-/nanostructure materials to boost the performance of energy storage devices.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/advs.201800680

Caging Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Microcubes in Cross-Linked Graphene Enabling Ultrafast Sodium Storage and Long-Term Cycling.

A honeycomb-like 3D N/S co-doped porous carbon-coated cobalt sulfide (CoS, Co9S8, and Co1-x S) composite (CS@PC) is successfully prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the nitrogen-containing carbon source through a facile solvothermal method and subsequent in situ conversion. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the CS@PC composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, good rate capability, and cyclic stability. The composite electrode delivers specific capacities of 781.2 and 466.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 and 5 A g-1, respectively. When cycled at a current density of 1 A g-1, it displays a high reversible capacity of 717.0 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles. The ability to provide this level of performance is attributed to the unique 3D multi-level porous architecture with large electrode-electrolyte contact area, bicontinuous electron/ion transport pathways, and attractive structure stability. Such micro-/nanoscale design and engineering strategies may also be used to explore other nanocomposites to boost their energy storage performance.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/advs.201800829

Encapsulation of CoS x Nanocrystals into N/S Co-Doped Honeycomb-Like 3D Porous Carbon for High-Performance Lithium Storage.

A rational design of two-dimensional (2D) hybrid materials between transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene has received great attention because of their promising applications in the energy field. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 2D hybrid nanosheets constructed by few layered MoSe2 grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). As a proof-of-concept application, the 2D MoSe2/rGO nanosheets exhibit excellent electrochemical performance as anodes for lithium ion batteries, demonstrating outstanding cycling stability (up to 1000 cycles), and high-rate capability.

Two-dimensional hybrid nanosheets of few layered MoSe2 on reduced graphene oxide as anodes for long-cycle-life lithium-ion batteries

Vanadium oxides with a layered structure are promising candidates for both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The self-template approach, which involves a transformation from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into porous metal oxides, is a novel and effective way to achieve desirable electrochemical performance. In this study, porous shuttle-like vanadium oxides (i.e., V2O5, V2O3/C) were successfully prepared by using MIL-88B (V) as precursors with a specific calcination process. As a proof-of-concept application, the asprepared porous shuttle-like V2O3/C was used as an anode material for SIBs. The porous shuttle-like V2O3/C, which had an inherent layered structure with metallic behavior, exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. Remarkable rate capacities of 417, 247, 202, 176, 164, and 149 mAh·g−1 were achieved at current densities of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mA·g−1, respectively. Under cycling at 2 A·g−1, the specific discharge capacity reached 181 mAh·g−1, with a low capacity fading rate of 0.032% per cycle after 1,000 cycles. Density functional theory calculation results indicated that Na ions preferred to occupy the interlamination rather than the inside of each layer in the V2O3. Interestingly, the special layered structure with a skeleton of dumbbell-like V–V bonds and metallic behavior was maintained after the insertion of Na ions, which was beneficial for the cycle performance. We consider that the MOF precursor of MIL-88B (V) can be used to synthesize other porous V-based materials for various applications.

Zhigao Luo

Papers

Pilotaxitic Na1.1V3O7.9 nanoribbons/graphene as high-performance sodium ion battery and aqueous zinc ion battery cathode

Caging Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Microcubes in Cross-Linked Graphene Enabling Ultrafast Sodium Storage and Long-Term Cycling.

Encapsulation of CoS x Nanocrystals into N/S Co-Doped Honeycomb-Like 3D Porous Carbon for High-Performance Lithium Storage.

Two-dimensional hybrid nanosheets of few layered MoSe2 on reduced graphene oxide as anodes for long-cycle-life lithium-ion batteries

Metal-organic framework-derived porous shuttle-like vanadium oxides for sodium-ion battery application