The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a wide range of applications and it has become a hot research area. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSNs can be divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical or clustering routing. Owing to a variety of advantages, clustering is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and fine grained survey on clustering routing protocols proposed in the literature for WSNs. We outline the advantages and objectives of clustering for WSNs, and develop a novel taxonomy of WSN clustering routing methods based on complete and detailed clustering attributes. In particular, we systematically analyze a few prominent WSN clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to our taxonomy and several significant metrics. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11113/pdf

A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/rm/survey/machine%20learning/Afsar%20-%20Clustering%20in%20Sensor%20Networks%20-%202014.pdf

Clustering in sensor networks

A systematic review on heterogeneous routing protocols for wireless sensor network

This paper proposes a cooperative clustering protocol based on the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy approach to enhance the longevity of energy harvesting-based wireless sensor networks (EH-WSN). In the proposed protocol, to ensure that any energy consumption associated with the role of the cluster head (CH) is shared between the nodes, the CH role is alternated between the nodes using duty cycling as a function of their individual energy harvesting capabilities. Furthermore, to maintain an energy neutral operation when not acting as a CH, the nodes adopt a data transmission duty cycle and any excess energy is invested in relaying other nodes’ packets. To optimize the relaying performance, a novel cross-layer cooperative TDMA scheme is also presented. The optimal number of clusters in an EH-WSN is analyzed in terms of energy consumption, latency, and bandwidth utilization. Simulations, performed using GreenCastalia, demonstrate tangible performance enhancements in adopting the proposed protocol over benchmark schemes in terms of throughput and lifetime, particularly under highly constrained energy conditions.

/pdf/a-cooperative-clustering-protocol-with-duty-cycling-for-4nengki3td.pdf

A Cooperative Clustering Protocol With Duty Cycling for Energy Harvesting Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks

Research on wireless sensor network (WSN) has increased tremendously throughout the years. In WSN, sensor nodes are deployed to operate autonomously in remote environments. Depending on the network...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/155014774979142

Clustering Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks: The Ambit of Performance Metrics and Schemes Taxonomy

Owing to the limited resources of the sensor nodes, designing energy-efficient routing mechanism to prolong the overall network lifetime becomes one of the most important technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols have proven to be effective in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on In this paper, we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs We first outline the clustering architecture in WSNs, and classify the proposed approaches based on their objectives and design principles Furthermore, we highlight the challenges in clustering WSNs, including rotating the role of cluster heads, optimization of cluster size and communication mode, followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques Finally, the paper concludes with possible future research areas

Cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey

The design of programming languages has always been an important topic in the field of programming language theory. However, most attention on programming language research focuses on compiler technology, while much less on language design. In this paper, we select multiple modern programming languages (MPLs) and systematically analyzed their designs from an application-oriented view. Concretely, we conduct the evaluation of their programming paradigms, type systems, and language performances based on benchmarking tests. Through these analyses combining theory and practice, the relationship between programming language design and its application scenarios is revealed, and the future developing trend of programming languages can be disclosed.

Zhimei Zhang

Papers

Cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Analysis of the Design of Several Modern Programming Languages