Grateloupia turuturu Yamada is an economically valuable red alga with great potential in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Filaments of G. turuturu are of primary importance in germplasm preservation and sporeling culture, although filaments were not present in its life cycle. In this study, effects of temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and irradiance (10, 30, 60, and 90 μmol photons m−2 s−1) with photoperiod 10:14 h (light/dark) on filament development were investigated. Our results indicated that 25 °C was the optimal temperature for the formation of discoid crusts regardless of the irradiance. Conditions of 20 °C and 60 μmol photons m−2 s−1 promoted the development of discoid crusts and formation of upright thalli.

Effects of temperature and irradiance on filament development of Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

Low field (0.54 T) proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) was used in order to determine the water adsorbed on porous silica and nano-powder alumina, between 0 and 36% of water content by analyzing free induction decay (FID) and Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) relaxation curves at room temperature. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of NMR relaxation times in characterization of the state of water in silica and alumina, the first results showed that the CPMG sequence detected all added adsorbed water and very probably the few residual water molecules of dry samples. A short apparent transverse relaxation time of 50 μs was observed for silica and a very short one of 15 μs for alumina.

A low field NMR study of water adsorbed on silica and alumina surfaces

Abstract Alumina oxides have been widely utilised as independent catalysts or as support materials for other catalysts. From an environmental perspective, alumina nanoclusters dispersed on surfaces of particulate matter PM12, generated from various combustion processes, play a critical role in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Of particular importance are phenoxy-type EPFRs that often act as building blocks for the formation of notorious pollutants. Herein, we present a systematic review of the literature pertinent to structural features of alumina surfaces at the nano-scale and their well-established role in the synthesis of EPFRs. Central to the capacity of alumina surfaces in mediating the formation of EPFRs are their active Lewis acid–base sites. The nature of these sites is very sensitive to hydration scenarios. As evident in electroparamagnetic resonance measurements, more than one category of EPFR forms on alumina surfaces. This generally entails the co-existence of various surface terminations, varying degrees of hydrations, and distinct underlying reaction pathways. The mechanisms for the formation of EPFRs over alumina surfaces involve interactions with terminal OH groups followed by creating genuine chemical bonds with Al3+ sites. Higher concentrations of EPFRs were often detected on alumina surfaces, in reference to other transition metal oxides. We envisage that future studies may focus on the generation of EPFRs from potential precursors other than phenols and catechol, such as brominated species and substituted thiophenols.

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Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)

There exists an optimal amount of solvent (generally water) that can be added to the slurry phase reaction between solid reactants; the reactivity and efficiency of such reactions are different from those without solvent or those with large amount of solvent. Obviously, the solvent plays a crucial role in the process of the reaction, and it is the key to the understanding of unique reactivity and high efficiency of such slurry phase reactions. The water molecule absorbed on the surface of solid reactants, which is called bound water, has uniquely different properties compared with bulk water. Surface hydroxylation resulting from bound water greatly influences the chemical activity of the surface, which could be playing a role as catalyst or as the initialization point for further reactions, so that the reactants can react easily and fast under a simple reaction condition.

Role of solvent in slurry phase reactions

According to the principle, “The failure data is the basis of software reliabilityanalysis”, we built a software reliability expert system (SRES) by adopting the artificialtechnology. By reasoning out the conclusion from the fitting results of failure data of asoftware project, the SRES can recommend users “the most suitable model” as a softwarereliability measurement model. We believe that the SRES can overcome the inconsistency inapplications of software reliability models well. We report investigation results of singularity and parameter estimation methods of models, LVLM and LVQM.

Singularity of software reliability models LVLM and LVQM

Three different spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of water were obtained in activated alumina-water slurry system, which indicate that there exist three states of water: bound water, pore water and bulk water. The chemical shift (δH) decreases as the amount of water added to the system increases due to the differences in contribution of these three states of water in the samples. TheδH value for adsorbed water decreases nearly linearly andT1 increases with elevating temperature, which result from the decrease in the content of bound water by the increase in thermal motion.

NMR Revealed Activated Alumina.Water Interaction

According to the principle, “The failure data is the basis of software reliability analysis”, we built a software reliability expert system (SRES) by adopting the artificial intelligence technology. By reasoning out the conclusion from the fitting results of failure data of a software project, the SRES can recommend users “the most suitable model” as a software reliability measurement model. We believe that the SRES can overcome the inconsistency in applications of software reliability models well. We report investigation results of singularity and parameter estimation methods of experimental models in SRES.

Zhou Rui

Papers

NMR Revealed Activated Alumina.Water Interaction

Singularity of some software reliability models and parameter estimation method

Singularity of software reliability models LVLM and LVQM