https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9233172

Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies

The noteworthy chloride ions in reclaimed water: Harmful effects, concentration levels and control strategies.

• Effect of Membrane, UV irradiation, Ozonation, chlorination, advanced oxidation process, activated carbon and algae on SARS-CoV-2. • Advantages and disadvantages of each method of advanced wastewater treatment for removing viruses or SARS-CoV-2. • Analyze and evaluate each of the advanced wastewater treatment methods. Advanced wastewater treatment technologies are effective methods and currently attract growing attention, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, for reusing water, reducing water pollution, and explicitly declining, inactivating, or removing SARS-CoV-2. Overall, removing organic matter and micropollutants prior to wastewater reuse is critical, considering that water reclamation can help provide a crop irrigation system and domestic purified water. Advanced wastewater treatment processes are highly recommended for contaminants such as monovalent ions from an abiotic source and SARS-CoV-2 from an abiotic source. This work introduces the fundamental knowledge of various methods in advanced water treatment, including membranes, filtration, Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ozonation, chlorination, advanced oxidation processes, activated carbon (AC), and algae. Following that, an analysis of each process for organic matter removal and mitigation or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 contamination is discussed. Next, a comprehensive overview of recent advances and breakthroughs is provided for each technology. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. 

A critical review on diverse technologies for advanced wastewater treatment during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: What do we know?

Synergistic effects of UV and chlorine in bacterial inactivation for sustainable water reclamation and reuse.

A dose optimization method of disinfection units and synergistic effects of combined disinfection in pilot tests

The COVID-19 pandemic draws much attention to virus inactivation since the SARS-CoV-2 was detected in miscellaneous environments and the wastewater can be a potential transmitting pathway. UV irradiation, ozonation and chlorination are widely used disinfection processes in water treatment. In this review, the mechanisms and applications of three disinfection processes are introduced, and their inactivation effects on virus as well as other microorganisms are compared and discussed. The resistance of viruses to UV irradiation is generally stronger than that of bacteria. 4-log inactivation of bacteria can be easily obtained within a UV dose of 10 ​mJ/cm2. However, the doses to reach the same virus removal rate vary greatly from 10 to 140 ​mJ/cm2. The coronaviruses have even stronger UV resistance. Comparatively, ozonation and chlorination are effective methods to inactivate viruses, and the CT values of 4-log removal for most viruses concerned are lower than 1 ​mg·min/L and 10 ​mg·min/L, respectively. Protozoa, fungal spores and bacterial spores are more resistant to disinfection. Temperature, pH, organic matters, turbidity and other parameters all have influences on the disinfection. With a 10 ​°C decrease in temperature, the CT value required for certain removal rates doubles. Generally low pH promotes disinfection and high pH is against it. In drinking water and wastewater treatment process, the resistance properties of microorganisms and other influence parameters should be taken into consideration when choosing disinfection technologies.

Zhuo Chen

Papers

The virus removal in UV irradiation, ozonation and chlorination