The antibody response to Newcastle disease virus was monitored in the sera and salivas of adult chickens immunized by two methods: (i) combined intratracheal-intranasal vaccination followed by intratracheal revaccination or (ii) intramuscular vaccination followed by intratracheal revaccination. By solid-phase radioimmunoassay, only immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies to Newcastle disease virus were detected in the salivas, whereas IgA and IgM antibodies were present in egg whites. The first method produced the highest antibody levels in both serum and saliva and, in addition, prevented detectable virus multiplication in the respiratory tracts upon revaccination 4 weeks later. Plasma cells of all three classes were distributed throughout the tissues lining the oral cavities. The highest densities of plasma cells were in the Harderian glands; IgG was the predominant class, whereas IgA and IgM plasma cells were present in almost equal but lower numbers. The Harderian plasma cells were the most likely source of the antibody found in saliva.

https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/24/1/269.full.pdf

Local antibody response in chickens: analysis of antibody synthesis to Newcastle disease virus by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence with class-specific antibody for chicken immunoglobulins.

One-day-old chicks, with or without maternal antibodies against Newcastle disease, were vaccinated by different methods: one group received a live vaccine (Hitchner B1 strain), the second group an oil-adjuvant vaccine, and the third group both vaccines simultaneously. The serological response and the protection of the chicks against challenge were evaluated regularly up to 80 days of age. The best results were obtained when using both vaccines, which induced a good level of protection against the challenge virus strain.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03079457808418256

Vaccination of one-day-old chicks against Newcastle disease using inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine and/or live vaccine.

SUMMARY. In serum, tracheal wash fluid, and bile from chickens that were inoculated with live or inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the kinetics and immunoglobulin (Ig) class distribution of an antibody response were demonstrated. The Ig classes (IgM, IgG, and IgA) were captured using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Ig-capture ELISA). The antibody specificity of the captured Ig was confirmed by binding of NDV. After inoculation with live virus, antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes were mainly found in serum. IgM was produced early from day 4 postexposure (PE) onward, IgG was detected later from day 7 PE onward, and in the tracheal wash fluid and bile, all three Ig classes were demonstrated. After inoculation of inactivated virus, a delayed response of all three classes was observed in serum, and only IgM and IgG were recognized in the tracheal fluid and bile. The type of vaccine and the route of antigen entrance may have determined the immunoglobulin class produced. The Ig-capture ELISA assay developed in this study can be useful for evaluating various strategies to improve the efficacy of Newcastle disease vaccines and to study the evoked immune mechanisms.

Immunoglobulin class distribution of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to Newcastle disease in chickens.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of an economically important disease, which affects all species of birds worldwide. Current vaccination programs for NDV include the use of either low-virulent live-virus vaccines or inactivated vaccines to induce protective immunity while producing minimal adverse effects in birds. In order to further characterize the immune response elicited by live virus and inactivated NDV conventional vaccines in chickens, we evaluated the presence of specific antibodies in different secretions and in tissue culture supernatants of immunized birds. To this end, we analyzed all the samples by ELISA, using an indirect assay set up in the laboratory. Specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies were detected in tracheal and cloacal swabs and tracheal and intestinal washes of immunized animals. We also found specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies in tracheal and intestinal tissue culture supernatants, indicating that the IgG found in swabs and washes was not transudated from serum or, at least, was not all transudated from serum. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the immune response of chickens to different NDV vaccines should increase our understanding of the mucosal response against the virus and, eventually, provide new useful information for the development and evaluation of synthetic vaccines.

/pdf/locally-produced-mucosal-igg-in-chickens-immunized-with-2gb7v55koz.pdf

Locally produced mucosal IgG in chickens immunized with conventional vaccines for Newcastle disease virus

Two hundred, one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into groups 1, 2 and 3 containing 60, 70 and 70 chicks, respectively. The groups were divided into subgroups of 10 chicks that were vaccinated according to the following scheme: group 1 unvaccinated control, group 2 vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day old with inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine (IOAV) in combination with live B1 vaccine. Group 3 was vaccinated in the same mode as group 2 with IOAV and live Ulster 2C vaccine. All birds were challenged when they were 28 days old. Mortality rate, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored before and after challenge. All the chickens in group 1 died, indicating that there was no disease resistance of this unvaccinated control group of chickens. Conversely, the monitored disease resistance of chickens in groups 2 and 3 was 68.57% ± 18.64 and 88.57% ± 9.00, respectively (P < 0.05). The morbidity of chickens in groups 2 and 3 was 37.89% ± 14.36 and 14.76% ± 12.40, respectively (P < 0.05). The body weight gain, feed intake and FCR of group 3 were significantly better than those of group 2 (P < 0.05) during 1–42 days old. The simultaneous vaccination with B1 or Ulster 2C and IOAV of 1-day-old chicks gave some protection of 28-day-old broilers without a booster vaccination.

/pdf/efficacy-of-live-b1-or-ulster-2c-newcastle-disease-vaccines-c1jpw9z4kc.pdf

Efficacy of live B1 or Ulster 2C Newcastle disease vaccines simultaneously vaccinated with inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine for protection of Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens

One of the major problems in controlling Newcastle Disease (NDV) is the lack of immune response of young chicks up to 21 days old. Although this age group is very sensitive to infection, maternal antibodies and presumed immunologic immaturity make it difficult to induce an adequate immune response (4,5). An additional problem is variability in the level of maternal antibodies (1,2): when some chicks are still protected by maternal antibodies others are at a high risk of infection because of either a low level or complete loss of maternal antibodies (Zakey-Rones and Levy, unpublished). To investigate this problem without virus multiplication, an inactive vaccine was used. The vaccine used contained an equivalent of 108-3 EID5o of virus prepared by inactivating the NDV, strain Israel (kindly given to us by Dr. A. Kohn, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Nes-Ziona, Israel) with /-propiolactone and mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (6). We had previously found that this dose of antigen stimulates an adequate antibody response in chickens and confers resistance against challenge with a highly virulent strain (Zakay-Rones and Levy, in preparation). Groups of chicks 3-5 days old, the offspring of unimmunized chickens and lacking maternal antibodies, were immunized intramuscularly with inactive oil-adjuvant vaccine. Antibody response was determined by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test (Table 1). Chicks in group 1, completely lacking maternal antibodies, responded to a 108 3 EID5o dose of antigen with high titers of HI antibodies. The antibody titers remained at a high level for as long as 3 months. In group III, in the presence of maternal antibodies, a very low titer of HI antibodies could be detected after

Zichriya Zakay-Rones

Papers

Immunologic response of chicks to inactivated Newcastle disease virus.