Medicine has evolved from the undertaking of the individual practitioner to a state in which many disciplines become involved in administering both diagnostic and treatment services. It has become a standard of care in hospital and clinic-based practice to utilize a multidisciplinary approach to medical care. Multidisciplinary modes of practice, however, do not ensure that participants interact cooperatively, or with the exclusive purpose of patient benefit. The usual mode of interaction within medical academic and clinical environments promotes individualism, protectionism, and some degree of isolation, not infrequently to the detriment of patient care. The stated purpose of this book is to provide a synthesis of theories and methodologies that promote a growing permeability of boundaries and that allow for intellectual accommodation. Health care professionals have been turning to interdisciplinary intervention approaches for several reasons, but the most compelling in medicine is the need to solve problems that are beyond the

Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice

C hildren are at risk in every part of the world today. They are at risk because of their special vulnerability as children and because the “natural” urge of most adults to protect and care for children falls far short of ensuring their protection and care. Children are particularly at risk when they are separated from their parents and families due to war, poverty, and oppression, or when their caregivers have themselves become their exploiters and persecutors. According to UNICEF’s most recent State of the World’s Children report, an estimated twenty-seven thousand children under five died of preventable causes per day in 2001. Jo Becker, Director of Human Rights Watch, states that “children are at risk of violence in nearly every aspect of their lives—in their schools, on the street, at work, in institutions, and in areas of armed conflict. They are beaten, tortured, sexually assaulted, and murdered, often by the very individuals responsible for their care and safety.” The community and the state have often been reluctant to intervene to protect children. Paternalistic concepts of children as property—chattels of their parents, or extensions of their parents—rather than as persons in their own right are deeply ingrained. The recognized need to protect the private sphere of personal and family relations from undue state interference is another barrier. But gradually we have come to recognize basic human rights of all children and to enshrine these rights in international treaties and conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the most widely ratified of international human rights conventions. Almost all children have some ability to express their needs, from the infant crying to express hunger or cold, to the nineyear-old refugee from Sierra Leone who approaches a Guinean woman and asks her to take him with her because he has no one else to care for him, or the teenage refugee in Canada who recognizes the injustice and humiliation of being a “brownpaper” person because of her lack of immigration status. But having a voice is one thing, having the power to escape from oppression and persecution is another. Children lack power in our society and are therefore dependent upon adults to recognize their needs and act to ensure their care and development, as well as their safety and protection. In this issue of Refuge we have an opportunity to examine what is happening in different parts of the world to the most vulnerable members of the world community. The essay “Hidden Children” by Moller and Minard describes the situation of separated refugee children from Sierra Leone who are being fostered by families in neighbouring Guinea. This can be compared, ironically, to the predicament of children who have reached the “golden mountain” of the United States, only to find themselves imprisoned in the “care” of the INS while their status is adjudicated. It is not surprising to discover that the attention lavished on little Elian Gonzalez, the shipwrecked six-year-old from Cuba, is far from typical. As Morton and Young point out in their piece, in the year 2000, while the battle for Elian raged in the media, “the INS took nearly five thousand children into its custody, some as young as eighteen months old.” Closer to home, Denov and Campbell reveal the ravages of internal displacement on a community and the grievous toll taken on its children. In their searing account of the Innu people of Davis Inlet, we learn that the Innu, who have twice been relocated by the Canadian government, are the “most suicide-ridden people in the world” and that “an Innu child is between three and seven times more likely to die before the age of five than the average Canadian child.” Internal displacement occurs worldwide. In the report by Mahalingam, Narayan, and van der Velde, we gain insight into effective strategies developed by UNICEF for working with IDP children in a range of different countries, from Sri Lanka to Colombia, strategies that include empowering adolescent youth in refugee camps to becoming involved in

Children at Risk

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The Great Good Place Cafes Coffee Shops Community Centers Beauty Parlors General Stores Bars Hangouts And How They Get You Through The Day

The Future of Childhood

The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity

Interdisciplinary research can be defined as the practice of discovering new objects of knowledge beyond disciplinary borders. It often operates through the cross-fertilization and hybridization of concepts, theoretical frameworks, and methodological tools to enable the description, analysis, and understanding of the complexity of objects of study that cannot be reduced to the strict limits imposed by any one discipline. The aim of this article is to take stock of the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the interdisciplinary research process from the perspective of serendipity, which is a creative process of considerable value to science. The intent is to show that the decompartmentalization of disciplines, the ability to decenter and open one's mind to the unexpected are intrinsic to the work of researchers who position themselves between and beyond disciplines. Our contention is that, as a process of discovering with a completely open mind (sine anticipatio mentis) things that are not bein...

Interdisciplinary Research Boosted by Serendipity

Creativity, Design Thinking and Interdisciplinarity

This article proposes an epistemological reflection on the multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary fields of Childhood and Children’s Rights Studies The theoretical backgrounds underlying the claims f

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218798016

Studying childhood, children, and their rights: The challenge of interdisciplinarity:

During the twentieth century, the socio-legal status of the child changed dramatically. The adoption of three international treaties specific to the rights of the child – namely, the Geneva Declaration (1924), the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights on the Child (1989) – increasing at each stage the number and different types of rights, is a remarkable illustration of this state of fact. National socio-legal developments have, of course, greatly inspired the authors of these treaties. However, the rights of the child assumed a new dimension in intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, exchange platforms par excellence. This article seeks a better understanding of the circulation of children’s rights during the twentieth century, within the three above mentioned treaties. From an interdisciplinary and transnational perspective, the study aims to analyse the multiple facets of children’s rights and the origins of non-domest...

Transnational treaties on children’s rights: Norm building and circulation in the twentieth century

Over the course of the 20th century, the social and legal status of the child evolved considerably. One remarkable illustration of this process can be seen by tracing the evolution of specific international treaties on the rights of the child. Although developments in national legislation inspired the authors of these treaties, it was through inter- and non-governmental organizations that the rights of the child developed a new dimension. Using archival data from several such organizations, this article adopts a transnational perspective to analyze how the 1959 United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child was drafted, institutionalized, and disseminated. The declaration joined together two causes: the defence of children and the promotion of the child’s universal human rights. Thus the adoption of this declaration was an essential stage in reformulating transnational norms on the rights of the child.

The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959): Genesis, Transformation and Dissemination of a Treaty (Re)Constituting a Transnational Cause.

Zoe Moody

Papers

Interdisciplinary Research Boosted by Serendipity

Creativity, Design Thinking and Interdisciplinarity

Studying childhood, children, and their rights: The challenge of interdisciplinarity:

Transnational treaties on children’s rights: Norm building and circulation in the twentieth century

The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959): Genesis, Transformation and Dissemination of a Treaty (Re)Constituting a Transnational Cause.