Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

This article studied and compared the two nonprobability sampling techniques namely, Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling are Nonprobability Sampling Techniques that a researcher uses to choose a sample of subjects/units from a population. Although, Nonprobability sampling has a lot of limitations due to the subjective nature in choosing the sample and thus it is not good representative of the population, but it is useful especially when randomization is impossible like when the population is very large. It can be useful when the researcher has limited resources, time and workforce. It can also be used when the research does not aim to generate results that will be used to create generalizations pertaining to the entire population. Therefore, there is a need to use nonprobability sampling techniques. The aim of this study is to compare among the two nonrandom sampling techniques in order to know whether one technique is better or useful than the other. Different articles were reviewed to compare between Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling and it is concluded that the choice of the techniques (Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling) depends on the nature and type of the research.

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Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling

語用論(Pragmatics)を考える

Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

Fact and fiction in language learning researching identity and language learning the world of adult immigrant language learners Eva and Mai - old heads on young shoulders mothers, migration, and language learning second language acquisition theory revisited claiming the right to speak in classrooms & communities.

Identity and language learning : gender, ethnicity and educational change

Contents: Preface. Introduction: Definition, Brief History, and Taxonomy of Individual Differences. Personality, Temperament, and Mood. Language Aptitude. Motivation and "Self-Motivation." Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles. Language Learning Strategies and Student Self-Regulation. Other Learner Characteristics. Conclusion.

The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition

General Editors' Preface Acknowledgements Introduction to the Second Edition Section I: What is motivation? 1 Exploring motivation: Changing perspectives 1.1 The complexity of motivation 1.2 The challenge of reduction versus comprehensiveness 1.3 Moving beyond linear models of motivation 2 Theories of motivation in psychology 2.1 Key cognitive theories and constructs of motivation 2.2 Motivation and context 3 Motivation to learn a foreign/second language: a historical overview 3.1 The social psychological period 3.2 The cognitive-situated period 3.3 The process-oriented period 3.4 From process-oriented to socio-dynamic perspectives 4 Motivation to learn another language: current socio-dynamic perspectives 4.1 A person-in-context relational view of motivation 4.2 The L2 Motivational Self System 4.3 Motivation from a complex dynamic systems perspective Section II: Motivation and language teaching 5 Motivation in practice: strategies and approaches 5.1 From theory and research to classroom practice 5.2 A framework for motivational strategies 5.3 Generating and sustaining a vision for language learning 5.4 Developing a motivation-sensitive teaching approach 6 Motivation in context: demotivating influences 6.1 'Demotivation' versus 'motivation' 6.2 Research on demotivation in instructional communication studies 6.3 Findings in L2 motivation research 6.4 Critical factors in the broader sociocultural context 6.5 Concluding remarks on demotivation 7 Teacher motivation 7.1 Conceptualising the 'motivation to teach' 7.2 The motivation of L2 teachers 7.3 The relationship between teacher motivation and student motivation Section III: Researching motivation 8 Making motivation a researchable concept 8.1 Inherent problems in motivation research 8.2 Deciding on the particular aspect of motivation to focus on 8.3 Selecting the criterion/dependent variable 8.4 Selecting the method of inquiry 9 Main types and methods of motivation research 9.1 Focus on groups of learners: Quantitative studies 9.2 Focus on individual learners: Qualitative studies 9.3 Mixing methodologies 9.4 Adopting a complex dynamic systems approach Section IV: Resources and further information 10 The locus of motivation research: Linkages to other topics and disciplines 10.1 Language-learning motivation and related disciplines in the social sciences 10.2 The place of motivation research in applied linguistics 11 Sources and resources 11.1 Relevant journals and magazines 11.2 Databases, citation indexes, Internet resources and discussion groups 11.3 Sample tests and measurement instruments References Author index Subject index

Teaching and Researching Motivation

of research that investigates the nature and role of motivation in the L2 learning process. Much of this research has been initiated and inspired by two Canadian psychologists, Robert Gardner and Wallace Lambert (see 34), who, together with their colleagues and students, grounded motivation research in a social psychological framework (for recent summaries, see 33; 35). Gardner and his associates also established sci-

Motivation and Motivating in the Foreign Language Classroom

This is a very practical and accessible book that offers a comprehensive overview of research methodology in applied linguistics by describing the various stages of qualitative and quantitative investigations, from collecting the data to reporting the results. It also discusses 'mixed methods research', that is, the various combinations of qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

Zoltán Dörnyei

Papers

The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition

Teaching and Researching Motivation

Motivation and Motivating in the Foreign Language Classroom

Research methods in applied linguistics : quantitative,qualitative, and mixed methodologies

Research Methods in Applied Linguistics