https://nl.pensoft.net/article/33190/download/pdf/

DNA barcoding of Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera): results and perspectives

Orta Anadolu’nun bazi illerinde (Aksaray, Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, Nevsehir ve Nigde) Zygaenidae faunasini belirlemek icin 2017 yilinda, turlerin yasam alanlarinda, cekici tuzaklar ve atrap kullanilarak calisilmistir. Procridinae alt familyasi icin cinsel cekiciler 2-asit esterleri ve 2-butanol isomerleri: EFETOV-2  [ R - ve  S -enantiyomerlerinin rasemik karisimi ] , EFETOV-S-2  [ R -enantiyomer ]  ve EFETOV-S-S-2  [ S -enantiyomer ]  kullanilarak, Crimean Federal Universitesinde uretilmistir.  Zygaena  turleri icin cekiciler, Priesner et al. (1984) tarafindan ilk defa tanimlanan ve bircok cins icin cekici oldugu bilinen asetat bilesimlerinin farkli oranlari kullanilarak Canterbury Christ Church Universitesinde hazirlanmistir. Procridinae ve Zygaeninae alt familyalarina ait, 4 cinse giren, on dort Zygaenidae turu bulunmustur:  Rhagades  Wallengren, 1863 (1 tur),  Adscita  Retzius, 1783 (1 tur),  Jordanita  Verity, 1946 (4 tur) ve  Zygaena  Fabricius, 1775 (8 tur).

/pdf/a-study-of-the-zygaenidae-lepidoptera-fauna-of-central-3lbmqgdmg5.pdf

A study of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) fauna of Central Anatolia, Turkey

The review addresses the data on the chemical composition
and structure of all known sex pheromones and attractants in Zygaenidae
(Insecta, Lepidoptera). We made an attempt to track possible pathways
of the evolution of attractant molecules and to reveal structural
features that determine their biological activity. Currently, the
structure of sex pheromones and sex attractants is well known for
two of the five Zygaenidae subfamilies. Sex attractants of Zygaeninae
are esters of acetic acid and fatty alcohols, while in Procridinae
they are esters of 2-butanol and higher carboxylic (fatty) acids.
Hydrocarbon radicals of fatty alcohols and acids of the known attractant molecules
in Zygaenidae contain an even number of carbon atoms (12, 14, 16)
and typically one double bond. Species specificity of the chemical
signal owes not only the qualitative composition but also the quantitative
ratio of components of the pheromone/attractant mixture.

Structural Analysis of Sex Pheromonesand Attractants in Zygaenidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera): Biochemicaland Evolutionary Aspects

The proliferation of DNA data is revolutionizing all fields of systematic research. DNA barcode sequences, now available for millions of specimens and several hundred thousand species, are increasingly used in algorithmic species delimitations. This is complicated by occasional incongruences between species and gene genealogies, as indicated by situations where conspecific individuals do not form a monophyletic cluster in a gene tree. In two previous reviews, non-monophyly has been reported as being common in mitochondrial DNA gene trees. We developed a novel web service “Monophylizer” to detect non-monophyly in phylogenetic trees and used it to ascertain the incidence of species non-monophyly in COI (a.k.a. cox1) barcode sequence data from 4977 species and 41,583 specimens of European Lepidoptera, the largest data set of DNA barcodes analyzed from this regard. Particular attention was paid to accurate species identification to ensure data integrity. We investigated the effects of tree-building method, sampling effort, and other methodological issues, all of which can influence estimates of non-monophyly. We found a 12% incidence of non-monophyly, a value significantly lower than that observed in previous studies. Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded almost equal numbers of non-monophyletic species, but 24.1% of these cases of non-monophyly were only found by one of these methods. Non-monophyletic species tend to show either low genetic distances to their nearest neighbors or exceptionally high levels of intraspecific variability. Cases of polyphyly in COI trees arising as a result of deep intraspecific divergence are negligible, as the detected cases reflected misidentifications or methodological errors. Taking into consideration variation in sampling effort, we estimate that the true incidence of non-monophyly is ~23%, but with operational factors still being included. Within the operational factors, we separately assessed the frequency of taxonomic limitations (presence of overlooked cryptic and oversplit species) and identification uncertainties. We observed that operational factors are potentially present in more than half (58.6%) of the detected cases of non-monophyly. Furthermore, we observed that in about 20% of non-monophyletic species and entangled species, the lineages involved are either allopatric or parapatric—conditions where species delimitation is inherently subjective and particularly dependent on the species concept that has been adopted. These observations suggest that species-level non-monophyly in COI gene trees is less common than previously supposed, with many cases reflecting misidentifications, the subjectivity of species delimitation or other operational factors.

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Species-level para- and polyphyly in DNA barcode gene trees: strong operational bias in European Lepidoptera

/pdf/forester-and-burnet-moths-lepidoptera-zygaenidae-of-penza-1znki5hbzh.pdf

Forester and burnet moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) of Penza Region

The Zygaenidae fauna of the Thrace Region (European Turkey) was studied by using attractant traps as well as by netting specimens in biotopes. Esters of 2-dodecenoic acid and stereoisomers of 2-butanol were used as sex attractants. Sixteen Zygaenidae species from five genera were found: Theresimima Strand, 1917 (1 species), Rhagades Wallengren, 1863 (2 species), Adscita Retzius, 1783 (3 species), Jordanita Verity, 1946 (4 species), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (6 species). Rhagades (Rhagades) pruni (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Jordanita (Jordanita) globulariae (Hübner, 1793) were found as new for Turkey. The two species of the same genus Rh. (Rh.) pruni and Rh. (Wiegelia) amasina (Herrich-Schӓffer, 1851) were discovered in proximity to each other in different localities of the same Province Tekirdağ.

Zühal Okyar

Papers

Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of Thrace Region of Turkey