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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A wide variety of media can be used in learning, including distance learning, such as print, lectures, conference sections, tutors, pictures, video, sound, and computers. Any one instance of distance learning will make choices among these media, perhaps using several.

Multimedia in Learning

Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent--a critical review.

A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade

Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions.

Sensors have been applied in various aspects and fields. The integration of innovative micro fluidic system in sensors offer a development of the device with better performance, highly reliable and easy to use. In this study, a fiber opti micro fluidic sensor was fabricated using dry film resist for potential chemical sensing. The device was investigated and evaluated on its performance in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, response time and detection limit of two model chemicals, Nickel(II) Nitrate Hex hydrate and Cobalt(II) Sulphate Heptahydrate. Results obtained show that the micro fluidic fiber optic sensor produced satisfactory detection towards both of the chemicals in terms of sensitivity, repeatability and response time. The response time towards Nickel (II) Nitrate Hex hydrate and Cobalt (II) Sulphate Heptahydrate were 77 s and 101 s respectively. The detection limit of the device towards both Nickel(II) Nitrate Hex hydrate and Cobalt(II) Sulphate Heptahydrate was around 0.1 mol/dm3. This suggest that the fabricated micro fluidic fiber optic sensor to be reliable for chemical sensing.

http://www.testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/download/1175/1053

Detection of Chemicals using Fiber Optic Microfluidic Sensor

Phenol and formaldehyde are the well-known raw materials used in synthesizing Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resin. PF resin has been used extensively in various applications including molding and composite laminate industries. This study focused on the synthesizing PF resin using formalin and/or paraformaldehyde for laminate application and assess the physical properties, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the resins. The density, dynamic viscosity, solid content, gel time, flexural properties, tensile properties and fracture toughness of the synthesized resins were evaluated upon varying the formalin content from 0% to 40% (w/w) in the synthesis process. The result shows that addition of 40% w/w formalin in the PF resin synthesis had increased the fracture toughness and decreased the flexural strength and modulus properties of PF by 97.14% and 97.60% respectively. The tensile stress value was also reduced by 67.80% when the 40% w/w of formalin was added. However, the PF resins that produced by adding formalin up to 20% w/w in the PF resin synthesis, still maintained their flexural and tensile properties within the acceptable range required by EN438 standard for decorative high-pressure laminate (HPL) application. This work shows that paraformaldehyde enhanced the mechanical properties of PF laminate resin compared to formalin.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012024/pdf

Synthesis of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin with Paraformaldehyde and Formalin

Acid hydrolysis is one of the most important processes for biomass conversion into value-added chemicals. However, hydrolysis of biomass requires an effective pretreatment to make this reaction more efficient. Ultrasonic technology, is one of the pretreatment used in biomass conversion before being subjected to hydrolysis reaction. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic on the conversion of oil palm mesocarp fibre into levulinic acid (LA) was investigated. Levulinic acid, can be used as a chemical intermediate for many applications. Two different pretreatments were explored. For acid pretreatment, samples were pretreated at different sulfuric acid concentration and temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C). For ultrasonic-assisted acid pretreatment, the samples were pretreated at different sonication power (40%, 60% and 80%). The highest yield of LA was obtained during hydrolysis from the sample acid pretreated at temperature at 100 ⁰C using 6 % acid solution (3.93%). While using ultrasonication, the highest yield of LA was around (3.11%) obtained at 80% power and 6% acid solution. Hydrolysis was also conducted without removing liquor (liquid solution) from the biomass after each pretreatment. The results after hydrolysis showed a remarkable improvement of LA yield at 20.54% obtained from sample pretreated with H2SO4 acid at 100 ⁰C and 6% (v/v). These results suggest that acid pretreatment at high temperature is effective in improving the yield of LA from the biomass. The use of ultrasonication did not improve the hydrolysis as expected.

Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Acid Pretreatment on Production of Levulinic Acid Through Acid Hydrolysis

Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) is known as a promising technique to manipulate liquid droplet for chemical and biomedical applications. A new EWOD platform is designed and simulated for solving the asymmetrical splitting difficulty, transporting, mixing and merging of the different volume of droplets. The electrode design expands the performance of EWOD systems, giving the high reproducibility on the volume of the droplet and dilution factors and ultimately reduces the required time for above activities. The satisfactory voltage range was applied on the electrode based on unit-square electrode shapes to move droplets. In this paper the simulation results are presented with water droplet surrounded by air in closed microchannel EWOD platform.

/pdf/effect-of-applied-voltage-on-a-new-designed-lab-on-a-chip-2zyx456ta1.pdf

Effect of applied voltage on a new designed lab on a chip electrowetting actuation system

The objective of this study was to optimize the epoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from Jatropha oil. This experiment was carried out with peracetic acid generated in situ by using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. A response surface methodology (RSM) central composite design (CCD) was used, with one response variable, the percentage (%) of epoxidation yield. The factors evaluated were temperature (50-80°C), the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to unsaturation (1.1-2 mol), the molar ratio of acetic acid (AA) to unsaturation (0.5-0.8 mol), and time (2-7 hours). The optimum percentage of epoxidation yield (90.98%) was at the condition of 65°C reaction temperature, HP to unsaturation molar ratio of 2.19, AA to unsaturation molar ratio of 0.65 for 6 hours. The formation of epoxides product (oxirane) was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy oxirane peaks (doublet) at 825 and 843 cm-1. The result showed good agreement with the predicted values from the RSM model.

Zurina Zainal Abidin

Papers

Detection of Chemicals using Fiber Optic Microfluidic Sensor

Synthesis of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin with Paraformaldehyde and Formalin

Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Acid Pretreatment on Production of Levulinic Acid Through Acid Hydrolysis

Effect of applied voltage on a new designed lab on a chip electrowetting actuation system

Optimization of the Epoxidation Process Parameters of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters using RSM Central Composite Design