Showing papers in "Acta Microbiologica Sinica in 1973"

Ten new species of agaricales from yunnan, china

Abstract: Ten new species of Agaricales fromYunnan, China are described. They are:Cantherellus yunnanensis, Agaricus com-pressipes, Agaricus yunnanensis, Psathy-rellus nigripunctipes, Bolbitius roseipes,Bolbitius yunnanensis, Hebeloma ochra-ceum, Hebeloma squamulosum, Pholiotaparvula and Stropharia yunnanensis.Type specimens are deposited in theInstitute of Microbiology, AcademiaSinica, Peking, China.

Two new species of agaricales

Abstract: During the course of studying the poisonousmushrooms in China, we have discovered twospecies which are quite different from thosealready described and are here reported as newspecies. They are named Amanita kwangsiensisand Inocybe flarobrunea. Poisoning tests inmice were made by peritoneal injection withwater solution of methyl alcohol extract of drymushrooms and controls with physiological salineor water solution of methyl alcohol extract ofedible winter mushroom (Collybia relutipes). Amanita kwangsiensis is morphologicallyrelated to A. pantherina, but can be distinguishedreadily by its globular and smaller spores (7.5-8.8×6.2-7.5 vs 10-12×7-8), by the pyra-midal warts on the pileus and indistinct frag-ments of volve around the base of the stem,whereas the upper part of the volve in A. panthe-rina usually becomes torn off and forms ringsand the lower part being volvate. Mice perkilogram of weight were injected with watersolution of methyl alcohol extract of 20 gramsof dry specimen. All six mice tested with thismiushroom were seriously affected 15 minutesafter injection with paralysis which lasted 12hours, 5 recovered afterwards but one died. Amanita kwangsiensis also resembles A.echinocephala, but differs, besides other charac-teristics, by the non-amyloid spores. Regarding Inocybe flavobrunnea, we failedto find its affinity to any other recorded speciesof this genus up to present. Nevertheless, it maybe related to Inocybe pyriodora or In. brunnea,but the color of its context remains unchangedwhen cut and the hymenophore is larger, es-pecially much larger than the latter species.Poisoning tests were made as in the formerspecies, except that the extract used for injectionwas of 25 grams of dry mushroom instead of 20grams. Percentage of infected mice was 100%and 83.3% died. Type specimens of both species are depositedin the herbarium of the Institute of Microbio-logy, Academia Sinica, Peking.

Five new species of pythium

Abstract: In 1961 the writer began to study thegenus Pythium on account of its highsignificance in parasitism, evolution andphylogeny. A great number of isolatesof the group have been secured fromvarious kinds of soil as well as infectedplant tissues throughout this countryother than Taiwan province. In studyingthe taxonomy of the genus Pythium,among forty species identified, five ofthem are found to be morphologically andphysiologically different from all thosehitherto described and are reported hereas new to mycological science. The fivespecies are named as Pythium acrogynumsp. nov., P. amasculinum sp. nov., P.connatum sp. nov., P. kunmingense sp.nov. and P. sinense sp. nov. Pythium acrogynum Yu exhibitssimilarities to P. rostratum Butler fromwhich it may be distinguished by thecharacter of the antheridia, the predo-minance of acrogynous oogonia and itsstrictly hypogynous antheridia. It differsfrom P. hypogynum Middleton not only inits larger sporangia, but also in possessing1--2 papillate protuberances of theoogonium. The antheridial character mayserve to separate the species from P. hy-pogynum as well. The size of the anthe-ridia of P. hypogynum (6.6×5.4μ) issmaller than that of P. acrogynum(11.5×8.9μ). The antheridium of P.hypogynum is supplied with a slenderfertilization tube, while the fertilizationtube of the present species is rather shortand stout. The contiguous sporangia of Pythiumamasculinum Yu are very characteristicand readily separate it from other echinu-late oogonial types such as P. acanthicumDrechsler and P. oligandrum Drechsler.In spite of the fact that the oogonia ofP. amasculinum and P. acanthicum arevery similar in possessing conical andacute spines, the spines of the former are1.7--7.7 (av. 4.64) μ in length and1.7--4.3 (av. 2.41) μ in basal diameter,whereas the spines of the latter 1.5--5.5(av. 2.7) μ in length and averaging 1.9 μ in basal diameter. The sizes of thesporangia, oogonia and oospores of P.amasculinum are smaller than those of P.oligandrum [sporangia 25--45 μ, oogonia17--35 (av. 26.4) μ, oospores 15--30(av. 23.1) μ]. The antheridial character of Pythiumconnatum Yu is most distinctive, itreadily distinguishes the species from itscongeners P. hypogynum, P. iwayamaiand P. rostratum. Related more closelyto P. rostratum than any other species, P.connatum yet differs from this species notonly in the position, shape and size of theantheridia but also in the size of thesporangia. The size of the sporangia ofP. connatum is smaller (13--26, av.18 μ) than that of P. rostratum (23--34,av. 28 μ). The oogonial protuberances are quitedifferent between the two related speciesP. kunmingense Yu and P. spinosumSawada. They are conical, acute, rareand about 2.5 μ long in P. kunmingense,while in P. spinosum they are digitate,obtuse, numerous and about 7 μ long.However, long spines reaching 14 μ in P.kunmingense have been observed by thewriter occasionally. The two species mayalso be distinguished by their differencesin the shape, size and mode of the anthe-ridial cell. Pythium sinense Yu has several out-standing features, notably in its asexualstage. The sporangia are mostly sessileor nearly so and very frequently lateralor pleurogenous, whereas in all otherspecies possessing spiny oogonia areusually asessile, terminal or intercalary.The stalked antheridia also serve tosegregate this species from P. echinulatumMatthews which is typically hypogynal. Type specimens of the above fivespecies are deposited in the Institute ofMicrobiology, Academia Sinica, Peking,China.

Studies on the screening of glucoamylase producing strains of monascus and their fermentation conditions

Abstract: Two strains of Monascus AS 3.976(M. Serorubecens) and AS 3.978 havebeen selected for the production of largeamount of glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) bythe submerged fermentation technigue.The adequate cultural media and fermen-tation conditions have been established.After growing these organisms in shakingflasks containing 3% corn flour and 1.5%soybean cake meal (pH 4.5--5.0) at 30-35℃ for 72 hrs., the potency of the cul-tural filtrate was 260 units/ml. Theoptimum temperature for enzymic actionis 50℃ and the optimum pH is 4.5. Saccharification of liquified starchsolution (32% w/w) by this enzyme(with a ratio of 0.5 ml. filtrat to onegram starch) was kept at 50℃ for 40hrs. The resulting mixture gave a DEof above 99.

Some new species of chaetomium and septoria

Abstract: In this paper, Chaetomium thiela-vioideum Chen, Chaetomium sinense Chenand Septoria atractylodis Y. S. Yu etK. T. Chen are reported as three newspecies, and their descriptions, given. Chaetomium thielavioideum exhibitssome similarities to Thielavia setosa Dade,but is a true Chaetomium according toits possession of the following characters:the fasciculated and club-shaped asci, theperithecial ostiole, as well as the extru-sion of the ascospores in ball-masses.Furthermore, the size of the ascosporesof the former (13--15×6--7.5 μ) ismuch smaller than that of the latter(20--25×13--15 μ). Chaetomium thie-lavioideum is also sufficiently differentfrom any other reported species in thegenus Chaetomium. Chaetomium sinense is closely relatedto Chaetomium succineum Ames whichmay be distinguished from the former inhaving larger perithecia (220--340×200--230 μ), smaller ascospores (12--15×7--8.5 μ) and different color of theperithecia (amber or yellowish-brown ins-tead of ochro-brown as in Chaetomiumsinense). No species of Septoria has heretoforebeen described among the genus Atrac-tylodes. Hence Septoria atractylodis isreported as a new species here. Type cultures and specimens of theabove three species are deposited in theInstitute of Microbiology, AcademiaSinica, Peking, China.

A new l-glutamic acid-producing species of corynebacterium

Abstract: A Gram-positive non-sporulating rod of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria, A S 1.299,was isolated from waste liquor of food mamu-facture in Peking. Under the optimum condi-tions, this strain accumulates aerobically a largeammount of L-glutamic acid in a medium con-taining glucose and urea or ammonium salts. Thisglutamic acid-producing bacteria A S 1.299 isidentified as a species of the genus Corynebac-terium, but differs from all known L-glutamicacid-producing bacteria of that genus. The strainexamined, therefore, is considered to a newspecies of genus Corynebacterium, and wasnamed as Corynebacterium pekinense, n. sp. A S1.299. Its taxonomic description is as follows: 1. Cell morphology: Vegetative cells usually short rods withround ends, sometimes club-shaped and slightlycurved rods, 0.7--0.9×1.0--2.5 microns. Occurringin pairs, showing "V" shaped, and also as single,unbranched, elogated cells, with metachromaticgranules, and septa are frequently observed, whenstained with cell wall stain. Gram-positive. Non-motile. Non-sporulating. Not acid fast. 2. Cultural characteristics: On nutrient agar slant the organism givesmoderate growth, filiform, smooth, slightly glis-tening and pale white to slightly yellow. Colonieson nutient agar plate are circular, smooth,slightly glistening, flat to raised, slightly yellowand no pigment penetrated to the medium.Unshaken nutrient broth becomes turbid withringed growth on surface and flocculents sedi-ments. No growth on potato plug is observed.This strain grows abundantly on nutrient agarplate containing 2.6 per cent of urea and 7.5per cent of sodium chloride, respectively. 3. Physiological characteristics: The strain A S 1.299 is facultative anaero-bie. Optimum temperature for growth is 26°-37℃, faint growth at 41℃. The pH for growthrange, from 5 to 10, the optimum pH for growthis about 6--7.5. Nitrite is produced from nitrate.Gelatin is not liquefied. Litmus milk does notchange or slightly alkaline. Casein is not dis-similated. Indole is not produced. N-Paraffinis not utilized as the sole source of carbon. Starchand fat are not hydrolysed. Cellulose is notdecomposed. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.Voges-Proskauer reaction is negative. Methylred test is positive. When Koser's mediumcontaining biotin, citrate is utilized. Positivereaction for catalase and urease are observed.Methylene blue, 2,6-Dibromophenol-inodophenolsodium and diazine green are reduced. Acid butno gas is formed from glucose, fructose, man-nose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, and inositol;slight acid from dextrin, xylose and galactose.Neither acid nor gas is formed from arabinose,lactose, cellobiose, erythritol, raffinose, sorbose,rhammose, melibiose, melezitose, inulin, glycogen,starch, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, adonitol, gly-cerol, asculin, salicin and 2-methyl-glycoside.Biotin is required as an essential growth factor,and at the same time, thiamine and certainamino acids are found as growth promotingsubstances.

Studies on the production of ergometrine by claviceps microcephala in submerged culture

Abstract: In order to produce ergometrine bysubmerged-culture technique, a study hasbeen made on the fermentation conditionsof strain Ce-3 of Claviceps microcephala(Wallr) Tul The following optimalconditions were verified: The optimalage of inoculun being 72 hours, optimalage of secondary seed culture being 48--48 hours, optimal amount of inoculumbeing 5%, and optimal pH being 75Drastic stiring tended to injure the my-celia and reduce the yield of ergotalkaloid tremendously It was also foundthat the addition of soybean oil into themedium during the course of fermenta-tion can not only inhibit foaming, butalso enhance the production of ergotalkaloid By the adoption of favorablefermentation conditions, the total alka-loid and ergometrine production reached000936% and 000579% respectivelyafter 9 days culturing, with the yield ofergometrine well over 50% of the totalalkaloid