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Showing papers in "AESTIMATIO : the IEB International Journal of Finance in 2018"


Journal Article
TL;DR: The NITI Aayog's India: Agenda of Accion Trianual 2017-18 a 2019-20, publicada el 24 de agosto de 2017 in Vigyan Bhawan, Delhi as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: espanolRevision y analisis de NITI Aayog's India: Agenda de Accion Trianual 2017-18 a 2019- 20, publicada el 24 de agosto de 2017 en Vigyan Bhawan, Delhi. La agenda ha sido muy apreciada en los medios de comunicacion por los economistas, entre otros. Sin embargo, la NITI Aayong deberia haberse centrado en soluciones imaginativas en vez de seguir un camino trillado. La mayoria de las acciones sugeridas tienen base en la opinion mas que en una derivacion logica a la luz tanto de los objetivos como de las limitaciones financieras, tecnicas y de otros recursos y de los retos. La agenda para India establecida por el grupo de expertos mas alto y mas poderoso del pais adolece de varias debilidades. No identifica los objetivos, ni tampoco las limitaciones. Cualquier agenda, en el corto, medio o largo plazo puede incorporar propositos carentes de significado si no identifica los objetivos y las limitaciones. No esta justificado el hecho de dejar la vision a largo plazo para la segunda y tercera etapa. Varios sectores de gran relevancia han quedado fuera en la Agenda de Accion. EnglishReview and Analysis of NITI Aayog's India : Three Year Action Agenda 2017-18 to 2019- 20 released on 24th August 2017 at Vigyan Bhawan, Delhi. The agenda has been widely appreciated in media, by economists and others. However, the NITI Aayog should have focused on out of the box solutions instead of following a trodden path. Most of the actions suggested are opinion based rather than on logical derivation considering the targets and also financial, technical and other resource constraints and challenges. The agenda for India set by the highest and most powerful think tank of the country suffers from several weaknesses. It does not identify goals and also constraints. Any agenda in the short run or medium or long run can be of no meaningful purpose if it does not identify goals and constraints. Leaving long term vision to be done at the IInd and IIIrd stage is not justified. Several important sectors have been left out in Action Agenda.

18 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the use of Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) estimation techniques to examine the relationship between the two constructs based on data sourced from listed companies on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2012 to 2016.
Abstract: The debate on the impact of corporate governance mechanism on earnings management remains inconclusive. The current paper explored the use of Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) estimation techniques to examine the relationship between the two constructs based on data sourced from listed companies on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2012 to 2016. We excluded financial industry data based on the peculiarity of the sector’s annual financial reporting system. Our results reveal that at best the relationship between corporate governance code and earnings management is mixed. In specific, it shows that governance code exerts negative influence on earnings management, while a positive relationship was observed to exist between earnings management and Insiders ownership. It was also noted that board independence and auditors’ independence has little or no effect on earnings management. The study therefore recommend that in order to curb earnings management practices, governance code of conduct for business entities should be strengthened and compliance should be enforced.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The IASB recently issued a new lease standard (IFRS 16) that will be applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019 as mentioned in this paper, which will entail recognising most previous operating leases in the balance sheet, thus impacting the financial statements of companies in many sectors.
Abstract: espanolEl IASB ha emitido recientemente una nueva norma contable de arrendamientos (NIIF 16) que sera aplicable para ejercicios que comiencen a partir de 1 de enero de 2019. Esta norma cambiara el modelo contable que aplican los arrendatarios. El nuevo modelo (conocido como modelo de capitalizacion) conllevara reconocer en balance la mayoria de los antiguos arrendamientos operativos, creando un gran impacto en los estados financieros de las companias en numerosos sectores. El impacto en cada empresa individual puede ser diferente en funcion de una serie de decisiones que la Direccion de la empresa debe tomar. Estas decisiones pueden dividirse en dos grupos: 1) tratamientos contables alternativos que la norma permite para ciertos aspectos y 2) estimaciones. Analizamos cada una de esas decisiones, su efecto en los estados financieros y como se espera que las empresas las utilicen. En general, se espera que las empresas utilicen estas decisiones para reducir el impacto en el nivel de apalancamiento. EnglishThe IASB recently issued a new lease standard (IFRS 16) that will be applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. This standard changes the accounting model applied by lessees. The new model (known as the capitalisation model) will entail recognising most previous operating leases in the balance sheet, thus impacting the financial statements of companies in many sectors. The impact on an individual company will vary depending on several decisions that the company’s management must make. These decisions can be divided into two groups: 1) alternative accounting treatments that IFRS 16 permits for certain aspects and 2) estimations. We analyse each of these decisions, their effect on financial statements and how companies are expected to address them. In general, companies are expected to make decisions that reduce the impact of IFRS 16 on their leverage level.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the sensitivity of the dynamic Nelson-Siegel factor loadings to the value of the shape parameter, l, and investigate how to mitigate this issue in the estimation process.
Abstract: espanolEste articulo investiga la sensibilidad de las cargas factoriales del modelo dinamico de Nelson y Siegel al valor del parametro de forma l, y analiza el problema de la multicolinealidad y como mitigarlo en el proceso de estimacion. En primer lugar, se obtiene que la seleccion de un l fijo no conduce a la optimalidad debido a que pudiera dar lugar a problemas de multicolinealidad. En segundo lugar, se observa una diferencia sustancial en los resultados de prediccion entre los procedimientos tradicionales de estimacion y el metodo de regresion alomada (ridge regression). Finalmente, se implementa un ejercicio de simulacion de Monte Carlo con el fin de estudiar la distribucion estadistica de de las estimaciones de los parametros del modelo, para comprobar las diferencias respecto a los valoresreales. Se observa que la multicolinealidad entre las cargasfactoriales del modelo de NS puede dar lugar, en el caso de estimacion minimo cuadratica lineal con parametro de forma fijo, a mayores diferencias entre las estimaciones y los valores reales de los parametros del modelo. La regresion alomada corrige estas diferencias y da lugar a estimaciones mas estables que los procedimientos de estimacion, lineal o no lineal, minimo cuadraticos ordinarios. EnglishThis paper investigates the sensitivity of the dynamic Nelson-Siegel factor loadings to the value of the shape parameter, l. It also analyses the multicollinearity problem and addresses how to mitigate thisissue in the estimation process. First, we find that the selection of a fixed l is not optimal due to the collinearity problems. Second, we observe a substantial difference between the forecasting performance of the traditional estimation procedures and that of the ridge regression approach. Finally, we implement a Monte Carlo simulation exercise in order to study the statistical distribution of the estimates of the model parameters and thus determine the extent to which they differ from the real values. Furthermore, we find that multicollinearity between the factors of the NS model can, in the case of ordinary least squares estimation with a fixed parameter l, result in greater differences between the estimates and the actual parameter values. Ridge regression corrects such differences and produces more stable estimates than the ordinary linear and nonlinear least squares methods

3 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the effect of valor and momentum on the performance of four Latin American emerging markets, namely Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, during the period from 2006 to 2015.
Abstract: espanolEn este articulo se investigan los efectos valor y momentum en cuatro mercados latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile, Mexico y Peru, en el periodo 2006-2015. La evidencia empirica demuestra la existencia de primas de los factores valor y momentum, con la excepcion de la prima de momentum en Peru. Tambien se investiga el patron de tamano en estos dos factores, llegandose a la conclusion de que tanto el valor como el momentum tienen un impacto menor en las “big stocks” que en las “small stocks”, tal y como se han definido en este articulo. Exceptuando Chile, en los demas paises analizados se detectan correlaciones negativas entre las primas por valor y momentum; sin embargo, las correlaciones cruzadas son debiles y tan solo 5 de un total de 16 de ellas son estadisticamente significativas. Ademas, en la estimacion de tres modelos CAPM diferentes para los rendimientos de carteras de valor y de momentum frente al exceso de rendimiento de los mercados considerados (respecto del activo libre de riesgo), se observa que, en todos los paises analizados, las alfas son mayoritariamente positivos y fuertemente significativos mientras que las betas son pequenas y no significativas en todos los paises EnglishThe paper examines value and momentum effects in four Latin American emerging markets, namely Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, during the period from 2006 to 2015. Empirical evidence shows that value and momentum premiums are present in most of these countries, except in Peru where there is no momentum premium. We also investigate the size pattern of these two factors and find that value and momentum have smaller impacts on big stocks than on small stocks. With the exception of Chile, we discover negative correlations between value and momentum premiums in each country, but the relationships between these factors across countries are weak with small coefficients, and only five out of sixteen coefficients are statistically significant. In addition, when performing asset-pricing tests for returns of value and momentum portfolios against excess market returns, we observe mostly positive and strongly significant alphas but small and insignificant betas in all countries.

2 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the performance of 37 mutual funds distributed over six broad portfolio classes traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange using monthly data from January 2012 to December 2015, with a view to evaluating the stock selection skills of the fund managers.
Abstract: espanolEste articulo examina el rendimiento de 37 fondos de inversion, pertenecientes a seis categorias diferentes (en funcion del tipo de activos en el que invierten) y cotizados en la Bolsa de Valores de Nigeria, en el periodo enero 2012 – diciembre 2015, con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad de gestion de los gestores de este tipo de fondos. Para ello se utilizan los ratios de Sharpe y Treynor y la Alfa de Jensen. Los resultados muestran que, en general, el mercado no es capaz de compensar a los inversores por el riesgo asumido en la inversion. Las ratios de Sharpe y Treynor, asi como la Alpha de Jensen, muestran que, en el periodo objeto de analisis, la inversion en fondos de inversion no implica un mayor rendimiento ajustado al riesgo, es decir, los gestores de dichos fondos no han demostrado capacidad alguna de seleccion de activos y diversificacion de carteras EnglishThe study examines the performance of 37 mutual funds distributed over six broad portfolio classes traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange using monthly data from January 2012 to December 2015, with a view to evaluating the stock selection skills of the fund managers. Their performance was evaluated using the Sharpe and Treynor ratios and Jensen’s Alpha measure. The results showed that the market generally generated negative risk premium and the mutual fund portfolios similarly generated negative mean excess return, failing to compensate investors for investing in risky assets. The Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen’s Alpha measures showed that the funds consistently failed to provide superior risk-adjusted returns and so fund managers cannot claim to have demonstrated any form of stock selection or portfolio diversification skill

2 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the extent of variation that different factors i.e. market integration, financial integration, inflation and GDP growth trade differential between two countries produces in their securitiesreturns' co-movement.
Abstract: espanolLos inversores internacionales confian fundamentalmente en la interrelacion entre los rendimientos bursatiles a la hora de configurar carteras con una diversificacion efectiva. Sin embargo, la correlacion entre dichos rendimientos es solo una indicacion de la interconexion subyacente. Este articulo tiene como objetivo medir el nivel de variabilidad que diferentes factores, por ejemplo, la integracion del mercado, la integracion financiera, los diferenciales de inflacion y crecimiento del PIB entre dos provocan en el comovimiento de sus rendimientos bursatiles. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto una relacion, tanto a corto como a largo plazo, de la integracion financiera a corto y largo plazo y del diferencial de tasas de inflacion con el movimiento conjunto de los rendimientos bursatiles en Pakistan y otros paises asiaticos emergentes y fronterizos asiaticos considerados en el estudio. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones tanto para los inversores, tanto individuales como institucionales, a la hora de construir carteras basadas en estos determinantes en lugar de confiar unicamente en los valores de correlacion. EnglishInternational investorsrely mainly on the interrelationship among stock returnsfor effective portfolio diversification. However, correlation values between equity return is only an indication ofsuch underlying interconnectedness. Therefore, thisstudy aimsto measure the extent of variation that different factors i.e. market integration, financial integration, inflation and GDP growth trade differential between two countries produces in their securitiesreturns’ co-movement. Our results highlight the presence ofshort as well aslong run relationship of financial integration and inflation rate differential with stock returns comovement between Pakistan and other sampled Asian emerging and frontier countries. Our results have implications for individual and institutional investors for formulating portfolio based on these determinants rather than relying solely on correlation values.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a post-Keynesian stock-flow consistent framework is proposed to understand the relationship between equity returns and economic growth and consumption decisions from a long-run perspective.
Abstract: This paper offers a Keynesian theory, in a Stock-Flow Consistent framework, to understand equity returns and their links with economic growth and consumption decisions from a long-run perspective. The main features of such a theory can be summarised as follows. First, there is a negative relationship between Tobin’s q and economic growth. Second, the effect of economic growth on dividend yields and earnings growth is positive, but its effect on the growth in the number of shares is negative (i.e. a ‘dilution effect’), which makes the relationship between equity returns and economic growth undetermined a priori. Third, consumption decisions emerge as crucial drivers for shareholder profitability in the long-run. And fourth, in the post-Keynesian theory the equity yield is determined by aggregate demand, and no theory of risk is needed. Finally, the post-Keynesian theory will be compared against the mainstream financial theory, which features the famous risk-return nexus where asset returns are given by the volatility of the asset respect to consumption. It will be claimed that the use of risk for determining equity returns at the macroeconomic level is problematic, and that depending on the risk definition assumed, the risk-return relationship can be either positive or negative – being thus such a nexus of little theoretical significance and posing serious problems for mainstream finance.

1 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The GJ-STATIC Collective Investment Fund as mentioned in this paper is a collective investment fund for the securitization of the rentals of these properties, which uses kriging means to calculate the average rental price whereas Spanish institutions, valuation companies and real estate portals use simple averages to estimate those prices.
Abstract: espanolComo consecuencia de la crisis inmobiliaria sufrida en Espana en los ultimos anos, existe un elevado stock de inmuebles puestos a la venta que no encuentran comprador. Esto es un grave problema tanto para promotoras, constructoras, asi como para entidades financieras que cuentan entre sus activos con un gran numero de viviendas vacias al cual no dan salida. En este articulo se propone el crear un Fondo de Inversion Colectivo de titulaciones de los alquileres de esos inmuebles denominado GJ-STATIC. El problema principal es que no existe en Espana un sistema de calculo fiable que sirva como base para estimar el precio de esos alquileres. Es por ello, que en el Fondo de Inversion Colectivo GJ-STATIC, para el calculo del precio medio de alquiler y a diferencia de como se llevan a cabo las estimaciones de dichos precios medios por parte de las instituciones espanolas, asi como por parte de las sociedades de tasacion y portales inmobiliarios, utiliza medias krigeadas, que, a diferencia de los meros promedios, son insesgadas, eficientes ,consistentes y constituyen, por tanto, estimadores optimos del precio de mercado de la zona en la que se ubica el inmueble objeto de valoracion EnglishAs a result of the real estate crisis that recently hit Spain, there is a substantial stock of properties up for sale that fail to find a buyer. This is a serious problem for both developers and construction companies, as well as for financial entities that hold a large number of empty houses as assets, which they are unable to offload. This article proposes the creation of a Collective Investment Fund, called GJ-STATIC, for the securitization of the rentals of these properties. The main problem is that there is no reliable calculation system in Spain that can serve as a basis for estimating the price of these rents. Consequently, the GJ-STATIC Collective Investment Fund uses kriging means to calculate the average rental price, whereas Spanish institutions, valuation companies and real estate portals use simple averages to estimate those prices. Unlike simple averages, kriging means are unbiased, efficient and consistent, and therefore provide optimal estimates of the market price for the area where the property in question is located.

1 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of macroeconomic news announcements on the volatility of stock returns in Nigeria was investigated using daily closing prices of the All-Share Indexfrom The Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2015.
Abstract: espanolEn este articulo se estudia el efecto de las noticias de caracter macroeconomico en la volatilidad de los rendimientos bursatiles. Para ello se utiliza informacion diaria de cierre del ALL-Share Index de la Bolsa de Valores de Nigeria, para el periodo 2000-2015. Este periodo ha sido dividido en dos subperiodos: 2000-2007 y 2008-2015, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la crisis financiera global sobre la volatilidad de los rendimientos bursatiles en Nigeria. Este articulo aporta a la literatura existente sobre la cuestion un modelo AR-EGARCH, cuya especificacion se aumenta con el anuncio de noticas macroeconomicas, con distribucion de error generalizada. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la no significatividad del efecto del anuncio de noticias macroeconomicas sobre los rendimientos bursatiles. Ello implica una respuesta pasiva de los inversores ante tales noticias, a la vez que confirma la debilidad de la eficiencia del mercado y las evidencias de asimetria. El parametro de asimetria es negativo en los dos subperiodos considerados (asi como en el periodo total objeto de estudio), sugiriendo que las malas noticias estan correlacionadas positivamente con la volatilidad y negativamente con los rendimientos bursatiles, y viceversa. Sin embargo, los resultados solo son significativos en 2000-2007. La suma de los coeficientes ARCH y GARCH (α + β) sugiere una persistencia en volatilidad que necesita un largo periodo de tiempo para atenuarse. EnglishThis paper investigatesthe effect of macroeconomic news announcements on the volatility ofstock returnsin Nigeria using daily closing prices of the All-Share Indexfrom The Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2015. This period is divided into two equal subperiods — from 2000 to 2007, and from 2008 to 2015 — to properly examine the effect of the 2008 global financial crisis on the volatility of stock returns in Nigeria. We extend existing literature by augmenting the AR-EGARCH econometric model with macroeconomic news announcements to specify both the conditional mean and volatility equations under the Generalized Error Distribution function. The empirical results reveal an insignificant effect of macroeconomic news announcements on stock returns. This implies that investors respond passively to macroeconomic news and it also confirms the weak-form efficiency of the market with evidence of asymmetries. The asymmetric parameters are negative in all the periods under study but only significant in 2000-2007, suggesting that bad news is positively correlated with volatility and negatively correlated with returns while the opposite istrue for good news. The sums of ARCH and GARCH coefficients(α + β) are above unity in all cases, indicating evidence of volatility persistence that takes a long time to attenuate

1 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an alternative way of funding for retail electricity providers in the Spanish electricity sector, through securitization of future revenue streams generated by power supply.
Abstract: espanolEste articulo presenta un modelo de financiacion para las nuevas comercializadoras en el sector electrico espanol a traves de una titulizacion de ingresos futuros generados por el suministro electrico. Para apoyar esta propuesta se ha puesto en contexto dos aspectos: La situacion del mercado electrico espanol tras la liberalizacion del sector electrico y la aparicion de nuevas empresas comercializadoras y, la definicion del proceso asi como la estructura de la titulizacion de ingresos o flujos futuros. La falta de liquidez en el mercado y la dificultad para obtener financiacion en el sector ha hecho que las nuevas comercializadoras tengan necesidad de buscar alternativas de financiacion. Se analiza la posibilidad de crear un fondo de titulizacion de derechos futuros procedentes del suministro de energia a clientes, a los que se les exigira un periodo minimo de permanencia. Las comercializadoras podrian implementar mejoras crediticias constituyendo un fondo de reserva para cubrir sus activos, obteniendo asi una mejor gestion del balance y quiza una financiacion mas asequible que recurrir al mercado de capitales. Finalmente, se desarrolla un ejemplo de modelo de titulizacion para una nueva comercializadora que quiere diversificar su negocio realizando una inversion en un proyecto de renovables por importe de 20 millones de euros siendo el objeto de titulizacion los clientes de potencia instalada igual o menor de 50 kW. El resultado muestra que el valor actual neto de la compania es de 1 millon de euros con un payback de 9 anos y una tasa interna de retorno (TIR) del 13%. Si la empresa se centra solo en el coste financiero, hoy seria mas rentable ir al mercado de capitales a traves de un sindicato bancario que emitir una titulizacion. La titulizacion solo tendria sentido para las inversiones elevadas, lo que sugiere que otras empresas similares en la misma situacion se unan al proyecto para lanzar una misma emision. Si la empresa se centra en la transferencia al mercado del riesgo de impago de los deudores, la titulizacion es una de las alternativas, ademas del factoring. En cualquier caso, la mejor opcion para obtener liquidez para invertir en renovables, dependera de la estrategia de la empresa. EnglishThis paper presents an alternative way of funding for retail electricity providers in the Spanish electricity sector, through securitization of future revenue streams generated by power supply. To that end, the paper provides a contextualized overview of the following aspects: the Spanish electricity market after its liberalization, with the emergence of new electricity providers; and the definition and structure of the future-flow securitization process. Due to the lack of liquidity and the difficulty of obtaining funds in the financial sector, new electricity providers have to search for alternative financing. We analyse the possibility of creating a securitization fund of future rights to supply power to their customers, who will be required to commit to a minimum contract period. Providers could implement credit enhancements by setting up a reserve fund to cover their assets, thus achieving better balance-sheet management and maybe even more affordable financing than by turning to the capital market. Finally, an example of the model of securitization is developed for a new retail provider that wants to diversify its activities in a 20mn-investment project oriented to customers for power supply of less or equal than 50kW. The economic results of the model for a new company show a net present value of 1mn with a nine-year payback and an internal rate of return of 13%. If the company’s focus is only on financial cost, it would currently be more profitable to seek financing from the capital market through a syndicated bank loan than by issuing a securitization. The securitization would only make sense for high-level investments, suggesting that other companies in a similar situation should join together to launch the securitization project. If the company’s focus is on transferring the risk of the payment debtors to the market, securitization offers an alternative to factoring. In any case, the best option for obtaining liquidity to invest in renewable energy will depend on the company strategy.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of pricing policy on firm performance in Nigeria, using data from 101 non-financial companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2013, and found that cost of sales and company objectives both have a significant positive effect on return on assets.
Abstract: espanolEste articulo examina el efecto de la politica de precios en el rendimiento de las empresas nigerianas. Para ello se utiliza la informacion procedente de 101 empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa nigeriana. Los datos, de seccion cruzada,se obtuvieron de losinformes anuales de las companias estudiadas. Para cumplir el objetivo perseguido se utilizan modelos de regression. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que el coste de ventas y los objetivos de la compania tienen un efecto positivo signifidcativo en la rentabilidad de los activos. Por lo que se refiere a las variables de control, el impacto de la demanda de mercado en dicha rentabilidad y la disponibilidad de un sustitutivo similar tienen tambien un efecto positive y significativo en el rendimiento, mientras que el impacto en el del segmento de mercado, la tendencia macroeconomica y la percepcion del consumidor es no significativo. Estosresultadossugieren hacer un esfuerzo en la reduccion de los costes de produccion en aras de la maximizacion de beneficios. EnglishThis study examinesthe effect of pricing policy on firm performance in Nigeria, using data from 101 non-financial companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2013. The cross-sectional data were obtained from the annual reports of the sampled firms and were analysed by means of regression modelling. The results revealed that cost of sales and company objectives both have a significant positive effect on return on assets. As for the control variables, the impact of market demand and availability of a close substitute also have a significant positive effect on return on assets, while the impact of the market segment, the macroeconomic trend and consumer perception are allstatistically insignificant. These results suggest that an effort should be made to reduce production costs in order to maximize prof