Showing papers in "Anatomischer Anzeiger in 1978"

The throat musculature of Sphenodon, with comments on the primitive character states of the throat muscles in lizards.

Abstract: The throat musculature of Sphenodon is described and figured, and compared with that of lizards. In many features of its throat musculature, Sphenodon may well represent a primitive lepidosaurian pattern, comparable to some extent to the chelonian structure of throat musculature. To infer primitive character states within extant lizards, one cannot simply extrapolate from the condition observed in Sphenodon. In fact, it must be assumed that a rapid change of many features of the throat muscles occurred during the early evolution of lizards in order to provide the basis for further differentiation with extant lacertilian infraorders.

[The emissaries of the human skull (author's transl)].

Abstract: The range of hemodynamic conductivity of the venous outlets of the skull, called emissary veins, and factors influencing them have been explored in 888 closed and 210 opened human skulls: Exept the condylar canal and the mastoid emissary vein only emissary veins joined to cranial nerves are of importance. The straighter the connection to the heart the wider the related emisary vein tends to be, which explains the predominance of the right emissary veins in the occipital cranial fossa. The right and the left jugular vein as well as the jugular and the mastoid emissary vein compensate each other. The influence of constitutional factors is shown by the sex difference in the conductivity of the jugular veins corresponding to the sex difference of the mean cerebral weight.

Studies on the early development and implantation in the cat: 1. Cleavage and blastocyst formation.

Abstract: SummaryThe light microscopical morphology and proteinase activities are studied during the first phases of implantation in the cat, i.e. at 12, 13 and 14 days post coitum (d.p.c.). Timed matings are used to obtain exact data on the time course of implantation events.Size and shape of the blastocysts and the topographical relationships between trophoblast, zona pellucida and endometrium are studied on cryostat sections. These observations indicate that the zona pellucida is being removed at 12 d p.c. by dissolution which starts at the abembryonic pole and lateral of the embryonic disc. Since the zona has, in spite of the considerable expansion of the blastocyst, a thickness of 8–10 μm at this stage, it must have undergone a process of swelling or material must have been added invisibly. Invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium begins between 13 and 14 d p. c. and is fully under way at 14 d p. c. Widening of the glandular lumina in the neighborhood of the blastocysts at 12–13 d p.c. indicates an early preimplantation interaction between the blastocyst and the endometrium. Amino Acid Arylamidase (Aminopeptidase) activity is found, in histochemical tests, to be high in the trophoblast but low in the endometrium in all three investigated stages. Proteinase Activity is studied with a highly sensitive gelatin substrate film test. Moderate to medium activity is found in the trophoblast at 12–13 d p.c. Very high proteinase activity is present in the invasion zone at 14 d p.c. Experiments with a large number of specific proteinase inhibitors in vitro and preliminary investigation of pH dependence show that it is mainly due to a cathepsin-B-like endopeptidase. This enzyme can be traced to both the trophoblast and the uterine epithelium. The disintegrating zona pellucida shows, at 12 d p.c., only little gelatinolytic proteinase activity. A trypsin-like endopeptidase as described for the rabbit blastocyst could not be identified with certainty in the cat but there is some indication that it might be present at 12 d p.c. Considerable trypsin-like proteinase activity is found in scattered endometrial stroma cells at all stages. The possible physiological role of the described proteinases in implantation is discussed.

Gross morphology of the alimentary canal in 10 teleostean species.

Abstract: The gross morphology of 10 teleostean alimentary canals was compared. Each short, tubular esophagus was connected either to a stomach or, in the agastric species, to a proximal intestinal swelling. 3 stomach types were differentiated according to their shapes, which appeared to be correlated somewhat with diet. Intestines showed variations in amount of coiling and in numbers of pyloric ceca. Ratios of gut lengths to body lengths (RGL, relative gut length) were calculated and the results of previous studies were confirmed in that the RGL of a planktivore was small, while that of an organic detritus feeder was large, and that of a carnivore fell in between.

[Ultrastructural and histochemical aspects of the rodlet cells from the bulbus arteriosus of Cyprinus carpio L. (Pisces: Cyprinidae) (author's transl)].

Abstract: Morphological details of the "Stabchendrusenzellen" (PLEHN), rodlet cells syn. pear-shaped cells of the endothel from the Bulbus arterious of carps were studied in the electron microscope. From morphological characteristics, especially from the development of desmosomes with adjacent endothelial cells, it becomes evident, that the cells in question, which are very common in Teleostei, are not of parasitic nature. Specific protrusions of the apical cell poles towards the arterial lumen are indicative of a holocrine type of secretion.

Electron microscopic study of the snout muscle spindles of the mole following denervation.

Abstract: The authors examined electron microscopically the daily effects of the muscle spindles of the mole snout muscles following unilateral facial neurotomy. The denervated muscle spindles show first a degenerative sign of the sensory end bulb 1 day after the operation and later a degenerative sign of the intrafusal muscle fibers one week after the operation. The muscle spindles on the untreated side show first a degenerative sign of the intrafusal muscle fibers 2 weeks after the operation and later a degenerative sign of the sensory end bulb 20 days after the operation. 40 to 90 days after the operation, the spindles on both sides show the same degenerative signs, the intrafusal muscle fibers having become much thinner than the control.

Electron microscopic toluidine blue staining of the erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract: Incubation in ferricyanide medium of toluidine blue stained erythrocytes produces opaque precipitates lining either aspect of the cell membrane. In addition, granular and needle-shaped precipitates occupy an intra- or extracellular position. Staining of the outer aspect of the membrane may reflect toluidine blue binding of the erythrocyte glycocalyx. Precipitates at the inner leaflet resemble Ca2+ affinity sites which were considered phosphorylated spectrins. Comparison with the light microscopic topo-optical toluidine blue reaction proved most of the electron dense precitates noncontributive to anisotropic staining.

[Two anatomical observations of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (author's transl)].

Abstract: 2 cases are described of a right recurrent nerve with abnormal origin and path. Frequency: 0,8%. Both cases ware associated with the presence of an A. lusoria. In the first case, the "non-recurrent" recurrent nerve reached the thyroid gland by its superior pole, in the second case by its inferior pole. In the latter case, there was a close relation between the nerve and the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The consequences are discussed in relation to the surgical techniques.

Gross, histomorphological and histochemical changes in thyroid gland of goat with age. IV. Histomorphological study.

Abstract: Histomorphological changes on the thyroid gland of 26 goats of different ages ranging from 20 days to over 5 years and of both the sexes were studied. The main fibroarchitecture was of collagen and reticular fibres, the latter fibres being gradually replaced by former with advancing age. The presence of thyroid lobule was observed in all age groups. The interfollicular connective tissue was constantly found around the follicle and increase with age. The follicles became irregular in outline and their diameter increased in the older subjects. The follicular epithelium comprised of two types of cells--Follicular cell and light cell and had tendency to become squamous with ageing. The mitotic division was occasional in younger and rare in older age groups. The mode of secretion was of merocrine and apocrine type. The solid form of colloid was observed in oldest goat. Accessory thyroid tissue and isthmus had similar histomorphology, however, the glandular sthmus was replaced by fibrous tissue with ageing.

[Radiologically detectable modifications in the cartilaginous parts of the first pair of ribs in connection with age, sex and the cartilaginous part of the other ribs (author's transl)].

Abstract: 2154 thorax radiograms of 1099 male and 1055 female patients with transformations of the costal cartilage were analysed and statistically evaluated in dependence on age. The calcification of the cartilage parts of the first rib was observed on both sides in the same way and concerning the frequency there were no sex conditioned differences. In the age group between 35 and 45 years more than 95% calcifications have been demonstrated. Men show more frequently advanced stages and types of calcification than women. In complete or heavy calcified cartilage zones disconnections in form of splitted parts without calcium have been observed. The lower cartilage skirt is regarded as the localization of the beginning of calcification. The other costal cartilages will be calcified later and less rapidly than the first costal cartilage. Significant differences of type and localization of the calcification were found between men and women. Physiological processes of ageing and mechanical stress as the prevailing calcification-causing factors are discussed.

The origin and initial development of the pecten oculi.

Abstract: The development of the pecten oculi was studied in the chick (Gallus gallus). The initial development commenced on the 9th day of incubation. The pigment cells in the pecten were derived from the pigment epithelium of the retina and the connective tissue and blood vessels were continuous with those of the choroid.

A comparative histologic study of thyroid follicular size and epithelium percentage in certain mammals.

Abstract: The size and epithelium percentage of mammalian thyroid follicles were studied by making camera lucida drawings of histologic sections on calibrated graph paper. The average horizontal dimension of 500 follicles per animal was calculated together with the percentage amount occupied by follicular epithelium. With a few exceptions, folicular size tends to increase with increasing body size, while epithelium percentage decreases.

[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 2. The pancreas research from the discovery of islets (1869) till the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) (author's transl)].

Abstract: In this study is the period of the morphological exploration of the pancreas from the discovery of islets of LANGERHANS (1869) to the discovery of pancreas-diabetes through von MERING and MINKOWSKI (1889) investigated. In his thesis has PAUL LANGERHANS the islets of pancreas and the centro-acinar cells described. In the period from 1869 to 1889 has the majority of investigators the opinion that the islets are parts of the lymphatic system. In the other hand investigators have the opinion that islets are parts of pancreatic ducts or residues of the embryonic period. RENAUT (1879) makes it possible that islets are derivatives of epithelial tissues. KUHNE (1875) gives the description of vessels in the islets of Langerhans. KUHNE and LEA (1882) have found that islets are independent of acini. This hypothesis has RUDOLPH HEIDENHAIN (1875) supposed.

Hematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina. III. Hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Abstract: The hemoglobin and hematocrit values studied in two years averaged 6.22 and 3.87 g/100 ml and 31.8 and 19.5 percent in female and male Rana tigrina respectively. The peak values in females and males are observed in May and June respectively. The breeding season is characterized by low hemoglobin and hematocrit values. The starvation upto 28 days is observed to cause a decrease in hemoglobin level.

Gross, histomorphological and histochemical changes in thyroid gland of goat with age. II. Occurrence of ultimobranchial follicles.

Abstract: Occurrence and histomorphology of ultimobranchial follicles in the thyroid glands of 26 goats of six different age groups (ranging from 20 days to above five years) was studied. The occurrence of ultimobranchial follicles was 38.46%. In 15.38% of the cases, it was found with and in 23.08% without any association of the thymic tissue. Its association with parathyroid tissue has also been recorded in one of the goats aged 7 months 11 days. Their size and shape varied greatly and were narrow and wide tubular, epithelial pear like, long follicle with colloid, sheet of stratified squamous cells attached to follicle, bilobed, evaginated and a group of follicles. The latter three forms of follicles were due to the branching of main stem UB follicle, present at different levels. They were located in perivascular connective tissue in the deeper zone of the thyroid gland but their presence in periphery of thyroid gland within the capsule was not uncommon. The epithelial lining of these follicles was highly variable from simple squamous to columnar with or without cilia which may be stratified. Light cells were seen among epithelial lining. The lumen of the follicles was filled with nucleated, non-nucleated and colloid debris which was PAS-positive. In older animal colloid contained acid mucopolysaccharides.

Fine structure of the rabbit submandibular gland during the embryonic development.

Abstract: The development of the submandibular gland has been examined in rabbit embryos from the 22nd day to the birth. The 2 main types of secretory cells, which synthetize dense serous granules or large pale mucous granules can be identified from the 24th day of development. A third type of cells, characterized by granules having different densities, has been identified in the preterminal tracts. The possibility that these cells are similar to some small cell with an highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum found in adult rabbit submandibular glands is discussed.

[Light microscopic and histochemical results on the innervation of Brunner's glands in the duodenum of laboratory animals (author's transl)].

Abstract: Brunner's glands of cats and guinea-pigs for instance are staffed with a well formed nerve plexus of cholinergic and adrenergic axons Corresponding to numerous neurophysiologic results the excretory glandular cells and the enterochromaffine cells of Brunner's glands are subjected to a differentiated adreno-cholinergic influence

Quantitative studies on the nervus stapedius of the mouse with the electron microscope.

Abstract: A nerve fiber count analysis was performed with the electron microscope on the nerve to the stapedius in seven mice. On an average, 77 (81%) of the total nerve fibers (95) were myelinated and 18 (19%) unmyelinated. The nerve consisted mostly of large myelinated fibers, minor diameters of which measured 3-4 micrometer most frequently like the large fiber zone of the motor root of the facial nerve and the facial trunk. The nerve fibers to the stapedius come from the large fiber zone of the facial nerve trunk.

[Demonstration of intrastriatal types of synapses and axon-collaterals by experimental isolation of fundus striati from all extrastriatal connections (author's transl)].

Abstract: After columnar isolation of the cat's fundus striati with a survival time of 2 days or 2 or 4 weeks all axospinous boutons (type I, III And iv) and most axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) boutons (type II, VI and VII) undergo dark degeneration. All specimens of axo-somatic (or axodendritic) type IX bouton (containing large, round vesicles in a clear axoplasm) and most specimens of type V bouton (with pleomorphic and some dense core vesicles) are unaltered. Many type VIII boutons (dindritic terminals containing scattered, small, sphrical vesicles suspended between the filaments of many microtubules in clear dendroplasm) are almost preserved, in the fundus more than in the caudate nucleus. After 2 or 4 weeks, some perikarya and many dendrites have undergone an electron-dense retrograde degeneration resulting from interuption of the efferent axons of the large striatal cells. The type IX synapses are interpreted as intrinsic between the small spiny and the large efferent striatal neurons; the type V as intrastriatal axon-collaterals of the large efferent neurons and the type VIII as dendritic terminals of intrastriatal Golgi type II nerve cells (possibly dwarf cells).

Hypothalamo-hypophysial vascularization of the teleost, Puntius sophore (Ham.) with special reference to its tetrapodan features.

Abstract: In Puntis sophore a hypothalamo-hypophysical portal system structurally comparable to the tetrapods is present. Apart from this the teleostean type of neuroadeno-interface vasculature is also evident. The hypothalamic artery gives rise to the primary capillary plexus of the infundibular floow. The protal vessels formed from them largely irrigate the adenohypophysis through their secondary vascular network. The dense neurosecretory axonal ramifications present in the infundibular floor are in close morphological contact with the primary plexus. This region also exhibits intense monoamine oxidase activity. Thus, the infundibular floor of P. sophore is structually comparable to the meidan eminence of the higher vertebrates.

Ultrastructure of the collagen fibril. II. Evidence of the spiral organization of the fibril.

Abstract: Unfixed tissue from the human ovary, the tail tendon and skin from the tail of rats are incubated in 5% solutions of uranyl acetate. The collagen fibrils of all tissues are decomposed and display an obvious tridimensional spiral structure on all levels. The fibril is a complex biopolymer constructed out of filaments, surrounded by and associated with an amorphous cementing matrix. The filaments consist of 3 to 5 subfilaments with a thickness of 30--45 A spirally wound around one another. The filaments are twisted along the length of the axis of the fibril under a definite angle of inclination and a pitch of the spiral equal to 1.04--1.12 micrometer for the ovary and from 2.6 to over 5.6 micrometer for the tail tendon. The cross striations seem to spring out of the nodular thickenings along the filaments. Bridge-like connections corresponding to the separate striations are established between adjacent fibrils. A new tridimensional structure model of the collagen fibrils is proposed.

Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the cartilaginous tracheal rings in the domestic fowl (gallus domesticus).

Abstract: The morphogenesis, histogenesis and growth pattern of the tracheal rings were studied in chick embryos and in chickens up to 4 months of age. The blastemas representing the earliest ring primordia are seen to arise in the embryo in the cranial portion of the tracheal tube on the 10th day of incubation, and to extend rapidly caudalwards. They form first in the anterior wall of the tracheal tube and expand successively laterally and posteriorly. The mesenchymal blastemas that have acquired the shape of complete rings differentiate into precartilage and then into typical hyaline cartilage. During growth, the tracheal rings undergo striking changes in both shape and position. In the embryo, an active growth rate in a craniocaudal direction prevails, and after hatching each ring outstretches cranially and caudally into two long expansions (winglike projections). Moreover, these rings, which in early embryos were regularly aligned in a longitudinal row, are seen to become alternately located with their higher halves on an inner plane and their lower halves on a more superficial plane. Such a peculiar ring displacement on two different planes may reasonably be assumed to obey spatial requirements, since ring growth rate according to a craniocaudal direction is far more vigorous than growth, in the same direction, of the tracheal wall housing them.

Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of Tor tor (Ham.).

Abstract: The Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of a fresh water fish, Tor tor, is described. In this fish the neurosecretory system is well developed which extends upon an stretch of the last 6--7 caudal vertebrae. This region of the spinal cord is characterised by the presence of large Dahlgren cells. These cells send off long processes into a ventrally situated storage release centre, "the neurohemal organ" termed as "urophysis". In Tor tor the urophysis is a distinct, whitish, unpaired and ventral prominence of typical teleostean type. It remains located in a shallow concavity formed at the urostyle and communicates with the spinal cord broadly. Gross morphology of this system provides the evidence that the caudal spinal cord is composed of Dahlgren cells, glial cells, ependymal cells, blood capillaries, ordinary nerve fibres and the central with Reisnner's fibres. The Dahlgren cells are recognized to be of two types--small and large. These cells are polymorphic and usually multinucleated. Polymorphic and lobulated nuclei have also been encountered. Histologically the urophysis can be divided into two regions--an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is composed of epedymal cells, glial cells, connective tissue and the blood capillaries while the medulla consists of the neurosecretory processes of the Dahlgren cells, connective tissue fibres, secretory droplets including large size herring bodies and abundantly present blood capillaries. A few of the herring bodies are also observed with vacuoles, a feature suggesting them to be in the functional state.

Functional anatomy of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches in the adult man

Abstract: The AA. study the special disposition of collagen, elastic and muscular fibers in the supraduodenal portion of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches. Forty specimens were removed at necropsy from adult individuals and prepared by various methods: a) pellicle preparations stained by resorcin-fuchsin (Weigert), Azan, azo-carmine B, alum-carmine, or else examined by polarized light without staining, b) dissection under stereomicroscope of specimens treated by the method of Semper or van Gieson, c) histological sections stained by Masson's trichrome, Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and Verhoff methods. The results corresponding to the different layers and levels of the vascular system studied are schematically reported in Figures 1A, 1C, 2A, 2E and 4B and are commented upon under a morphofunctional criterion.

[On a nerve in the foramen thyroideum (author's transl)].

Abstract: On the right half of the larynx of a 35-year old man a branch of the ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris was described that entered the inner larynx without vessels through a foramen thyroideum. A foramen thyroideum that appears in adults in more than a quarter of the cases is considered on the one hand as a remaining cleft between the fused cartilagineous skeletal elements of the forth and fifth viszeral arch and on the other hand as a occasionally remaining opening on account of a vessel or nerve running through. In more than half the cases vessels and nerves together pass through a foramen thyroideum and in a further third vessels only. If, in the case described, a nerve only passes through the foramen, this nerve, in human beinges, cannot be the nerve of the fifth veszeral arch on account of phylo-and ontogenetic considerations.

Effects of starvation on the oocytes of Cyprinus carpio--a cytomorphological and histochemical study.

Abstract: Effects of induced starvation on the morphology of the oocytic nucleus in Cyprinus carpio have been studied to assess the nature of structural aberrations caused and the adaptations induced in the oocytes during the period of stress on account of inanition. An attempt has also been made to study the fate of a number of metabolites during this period. It has also been observed that the nuclear membrane undergoes partial or complete degeneration and there is a proliferation in the number of nucleoli which tend to move into the cytoplasm. In addition, the degenerating oocytes tend to release most of the metabolites into the interstitial tissue surrounding the oocytes.

[Endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes (author's transl)].

Abstract: The authors' aim was to obtain a survey of endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes. In all 30 cases the existance of granular cells was confirmed. The functional significance of these cells for the delivery and for separating of the fetal membranes from the uterus wall was discussed.

[Peroxidase distribution pattern and cochlear microphonics in the impulse-noise exposed cochlea of the guinea pig (author's transl)].

Abstract: Morphological findings evidenced the impulse noise trauma primarily a mechanical lesion of cells. The loss of mechanically damaged sensory cells results in the initial decline of cochlear microphonics. Due to mechanical lesions many sites of leakage in the wall of the cochlear duct give way to the diffusion of components of either lymph, which will produce a general functional disturbance associated with additional decline of microphonics. The functional restoration of the inner ear requires the previous repair of the endo/perilymphatic barrier.

Discovery of a variant in the region of the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris.

Abstract: As a variant between the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris a small, triangular, flat muscle is described. Its fasciculi originate from both muscles and its long, thin tendon lying between the popliteal vessels and the sciatic nerve runs into the tendon of the adductor magnus inserting into the adductor tubercle.