Showing papers in "Annals of Plant Protection Sciences in 2002"

Efficacy of Insecticides against Okra Jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida

Abstract: The efficacy of newer insecticides, viz., acetamiprid, thiomethoxam, imidacloprid, NACLFMOA and abamectin was field evaluated against okra jassids, Amrasca biguttula biguttula. Nitroguanidines viz., acetamiprid (@ 20 g.a.i./ha) and thiomethoxam and imidacloprid (both @ 25 g.a.i./ha) proved most effective in controlling okra jassids, followed by the fermentation metabolites, NACLFMOA and abamectin both @ 20 g.a.i./ha. Out of 10 pesticides evaluated, nitroguanidines, 21 days after application, resulted in 77.2–86..0% reduction of jassid population followed by 66.8–70.9% reduction in treatment with fermentation metabolites. The five newer molecules evaluated were found safer to lady bird beetle.

Biological Control of Wilt and Root Rot of Chickpea under Field Conditions

Abstract: Two antagonistic fungi viz., Trichoderma harzianum (PDBCTH 10) and T. viride (PDBCTV) were evaluated against natural incidence of wilt and wet root rot of chickpea in a field plot. Soil application of these bioagents, one week before sowing found to be more effective than seed treatment in reducing wilt and wet root rot of chickpea. The two bioagents had positive effect on plant growth. T. harzianum soil treated plots recorded only 4.9 and 1.2% root rot at 30 and 60 days respectively and was found to be superior to all other treatments. In pathogen check, the root rot incidence was 16.4 and 17.0% at 30 and 60 days respectively. Wilt incidence recorded was also high (11.8 and 16%) in control plots, but in T. harzianum soil treated plots only 4 and 5.1% wilt incidence was noticed at 60 and 90 days respectively. The seed yield recorded was significantly high in all treatments when compared to pathogen check and the highest yield of 965.4 kg/ha was obtained with soil treatment of T. harzianum.

Induced host plant resistance in the management of sucking insect pests of groundnut.

Abstract: The influence of straight fertilizers and organic manures on the groundnut sucking insect pests viz. jassid Empoasca kerri, aphid Aphis craccivora was studied in the field from 1994 to 1996 in sandy loam soils. These studies combined with other cultural practices like planting sunflower as a trap crop for Spodoptera litura and spraying of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Spodoptera to reduce the incidence of S. litura. The organically manured treatments like F.Y.M., neem cake, vermicompost recorded lowest pest population compared to straight fertilized treatments. The groundnut plants that received organic manures recorded low nitrogen, higher level of phenols and tannins whereas the straight fertilized groundnut leaves recorded the vice versa. The pest incidence was found positively correlated with nitrogen content and negatively correlated with phenols and tannins. The organic manures induced the production of phenols and tannins in groundnut plant and thus, the induced resistance played an important role in groundnut insect pest management.

Efficacy of Some Insecticides Against Okra Fruit Borer, Earias spp. and leafroller, Sylepta derogata Fab.

Abstract: Efficacy of some insecticides viz., thiomethoxam, imidacloprid both @ 25 g a.i./ha and a combination product rocket (profenophos + cypermethrin) @ 440 g a.i./ha was studied along with conventional insecticides like dimethoate @ 300 g a.i./ha, cypermethrin @ 100 g a.i./ha, profenophos @ 500 g a.i./ha and a neem product azadirachtin @ 3 g a.i./ha against the fruit borer, Earias spp. and leafroller, Sylepta derogata of okra. The results revealed that significantly better control of the fruit borer and leafroller were obtained with the application of cypermethrin, profenphos and profenophos + cypermethrin. The decrease in % fruit borer infestation with these three treatments ranged from 70.5–76.8 over control. The healthy fruit yield recorded significantly the highest (51.75–55.37 q/ha) with these treatments over other treatments and control (45.23 q/ha). The % increase in fruit yield was the highest (22.4%) with profenophos + cypermethrin over control which was at par with profenophos (16.0%) and cypermethrin (14.4%). Cypermethrin, profenophos, profenophos + cypermethrin and azadirachtin proved significantly effective in controlling the leafroller with least % leafroller infestation (1.2–2.0%) compared to control (12.4%).

Induction of systemic resistance in Ragi against blast disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens

Abstract: Twenty seven Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were screened in vitro for their inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of ragi blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. The promising strains viz., PF 1,PF2,FP7,PFKO2and FP 1 were assessed for their effect on seedling vigour of ragi plants as well as for induced systemic resistance (ISR) against M. grisea in ragi by applying as suspension and talc-based formulation respectively. All the strains could promote plant growth in vitro (roll towel method) and reduce ragi blast incidence under glass house conditions. However, better plant growth promotion and maximum incidence of chitinase, glucanase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities were observed in ragi plants treated with PF I strain up to four days after treatment.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria from Rhizospheres of Wheat and Chickpea

Abstract: Nine strains of flourescent pseudomonas isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat and chickpea were characterized morphologically as well as biochemically for indole acetic acid, siderophores and lipolytic activity. Most strains were capable of IAA synthesis (< 20 μg/ml). Biosynthesis of IAA was enhanced by increasing the concentrations of tryptophan added to the growing medium. All of the strains produced siderophores but the degree of siderophores production varied from strain to strain. Among these strains, PC-4, PW-7 and PW-9 isolated from chickpea and wheat rhizospheres respectively were found as potential siderophore producers. The culture broth and cell free filtrate of the strains produced lipases in solid medium plates containing tributyrin as indicator. In general, the cell free filtrates of the fluorescent pseudomonas produced more lipases than their respective culture broths and an increase of 0.6 to 26.8% was recorded over culture broth. Further, in vitro antagonism against Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium apanidermatum and Trichoderma viride by PC-3, PC-4, PW-6, PW-7 and PW-9 was determined. Cell free filtrates of PW-7 and PW-9 showed antagonism activity against B. cinerea, R. solani, F. oxysporum and P. aphanidermatum growing on PDA.

Resurgence of Two Spotted Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) Due to Acaricides and Botanicals on Okra

Abstract: A. field trial was conducted to find ?ut resurgence of the mite pest if any, against the use of acaricides viz. dicofol, dlcofol, abamectm, phosalone, ethlOn, sulphur, and botanicals viz., pungum oil, NSKE, neem oil, azadirachtin, mahua 0.11 and PSKE at the recommended dose on okra crop. No resurgence was observed with dicofoi dicofol abamectm and phosalone, whereas encouraging performance but some resurgence with ethion (50% EC), and sulphur (35% EC) were notlced. However, resurgence in mahua oil, PSKE, pungum oil, neem oil, azadirachtin and NSKE dld not show any effectiveness against this pest.

Biochemical Plant Factors Affecting Resistance to Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in Maize

Abstract: Seven maize genotypes comprising resistant, moderately resistant, and highly susceptible to Chilo partellus were taken to observe the role of biochemical plant factors at various stages of crop growth i.e. 10, 20 and 30 DAE. Distinctly low leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrogen, crude protein and moisture content were noticed in resistant varieties as compared to susceptible ones. The correlations between leaf injury due to C. partellus with these biochemical factors individually were positively correlated, the significant differences being in carotenoid content at 10 and 20 DAE only. It means that less carotenoid content in early stages of crop growth contribute towards resistance against the borer in maize.

Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes By The Use of Botanicals

Abstract: Eight plant species namely Solanum surattense, Theviatia peruviana, Calotropis procera, Thuja sinesis, Parthenium husterophorus, Croton sparsiflorus, Colocasia antiguorum and Datura stramonium were evaluated for the nematicidal properties against J2 of Meloidogyne incognita and pre-adults of Rotylenchulus reniformis in vitro. One hundred % mortality of both the nematode species were found in 8/16 dilution except S. surattense fruits (unripened) whereas in 8/32, the range was 50–100% in case of M. incognita and 51–86% in case of R. reniformis. The recovery of the juveniles and pre-adults were very low or nil after exposure to higher dilutions than lower ones. When plants extracts (S/16 and 8/32 dilutions) were put around mung crop in pots, resulted an increase in shoot length, maximum being in Colocasia antiguorum leaves extract similarly, a significant increase of shoot and root weights were also observed. However, maximum reduction of galls was noticed in Calotropis procera followed by Datura stramonium and Solanum surattense leaves extracts.

Use of Native Microorganisms and Commonly Recommended Fungicides in Integrated Management of Rice Seed Borne Pathogens

Abstract: Fungal biocontrol agents isolated from rice ecosystem were able to tolerate captan and thiram at 1000 ppm, while were completely inhibited by carbendazim. Integration of biocontrol agents and commonly used fungicides showed positive association by reducing the seed infection compared to fungal antagonists individually. Aspergillus fumigatus showed highest tolerance to thiram when compared to other biocontrol fungi, while Trichoderma viride showed highest tolerance to captan. The integration did not affect either germination or seedling vigour index adversely.

Management of Sheath blight and blast in rice through seed treatment

Abstract: Mancozeb exhibited excellent control of blast disease (Pyricularia grisea), while bavistin and captan at par (1.0) in nursery when seeds of rice var. K-448 were treated. Moreover, on transplanted crop, three sprays of bavistin (0.1%) and mancozeb (0.1%) cum-seed treatments proved to be the more effective and were able to bring down the incidence of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) leaf and neck blast with corresponding increase in the yield. The neck blast did not appear in seed treatment-cum-sprays of tested fungicides. Similarly, the sheath blight disease was also reduced but maximum control was found when spray of bavistin (0.1%) followed. The maximum yield was recorded in both the sprays-cum-seed treatments of bavistin and mancozeb.

Effect of Adult Food Supplements on Reproductive Attributes and Longevity of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Abstract: Adult food supplements influenced oviposition period, post-oviposition period and fecundity significantly, while pre-oviposition period and longevity were not affected. Maximum eggs/female (1245.2) were laid when adults supplemented with the baker's yeast granules + 50% honey followed by baker's yeast granules + castor pollen + 50% honey (1069.2) and castor pollen + 50% honey (450) as compared to control, i.e. 50% honey (80). The oviposition ranged between 6.14 -27.11 eggs/day when fed on different adult food supplements. Productive age of female was observed up to 8, 9, 8 and 4 weeks when fed on baker's yeast granules + castor pollen + 50% honey, baker's yeast granules + 50% honey, castor pollen + 50% honey and only 50% honey, respectively.

Field evaluation of fungicides in the management of alternaria leaf blight of sunflower

Abstract: Six non-systemic and nine systemic fungicides were tested in vitro against Alternaria helianthi causing leaf blight of sunflower. In the In vitro study, among non-systemic fungicides mancozeb and iprodione were most effective, while in systemic fungicides propiconazole, hexaconazole and penconazole were effective in inhibition of both conidial germination and also mycelial growth of A. helianthi. Further, these fungicides were tested in field conditions. Propiconazole (0.1%), hexaconazole (0.1%) and mancozeb (0.2%) gave good results during both the years in cotrolling the Alternaria leaf blight. These treatments recorded maximum grain yield, test weight and oil content.

Bio-efficacy of Debaryomyces hansenii on the Incidence and Growth of Penicillium italicum on Kinnow Fruits in Combination with Oil and Wax Emulsions

Abstract: Survival of Debaryomyces hansenii in oil, wax and fungicide was tested. Four different type of oils (castor, linseed, mustard & sesamum), and four waxes such as stayfresh (shine), stayfresh (storage), citrashine and zivdar and three fungicides (bavistin, blitox-50 and dithane M-45) at concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 ppm were taken. No Spore survived in all wax emulsions after 48 hrs whereas in oil the spores were not reduced significantly in castor (7.89 log cfu/ml) mustard (7.11 log cfu/ml) and sesamum oil (7.88 log cfu/ml). Dithane M-45 was found highly lethal to Debaryomyces hansenii even at 100 ppm. Minimum incidence of Penicillium italicum (27.78%) was found in D. hansenii alone (109 spores/ml) treated fruits followed by D. hansenii + mustard oil at 22°C. The growth of P. italicum was suppressed in D. hansenii + mustard oil (0.02–0.5 cm2) treated fruits after 60 days of storage at 5±1°C.

Growth models for powdery mildew development of mango

Abstract: Logistic and Gompertz growth models were used to describe the pattern of powdery mildew development on mango cultivars Dashehari and Amrapali. Quantitative information about the parameters concerning intrinsic infection rate and maximum mildew severity had been obtained. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was higher in Dashehari than in Amrapali. Maximum rate of growth of the disease was found to be between 7th and 8th weeks after the intiation of the disease. This modelling effort is expected to be useful in developing strategies for the efficient management of powdery mildew disease of mango.

Studies on the Interaction Between Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani on Soybean

Abstract: In nematode inoculated prior and after fungus treatment resulted in only slight to moderate inhibition of galling, nodulation and female development. Simultaneous inoculation of fungus with nematode exhibited, on linear decrease in final population of nematode in soybean. Subsequent soybean grain weight as well as growth parameters were suppressed by simultaneous, sequential and fungus inoculation but more damage were assessed during simultaneous inoculation than other treatments. Physiological studies also showed the significant alterations in chlorophyll a and b, protein, oil and nitrate reductase enzyme of soybean.

Natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner on Chickpea

Abstract: The field density of Helicoverpa armigera along with its associated natural enemies was monitored on chickpea in Manipur. The incidence of the pest began from February and continued till May. In the present investigation, 5 parasitoids were found associated with H. armigera and among the parasitoids Campoletis chlorideae was recorded as the most important natural enemy of this pest. The percentage of parasitism ranged from 0.18 to 23.81% from March to May. The maximum incidence of the parasitoids were recorded during the first and second week of April 1998–2000. The data revealed a high positive relation between the pest and the parasitoid indicating an important role of this natural enemy in suppressing the pest population to some extent. Predators including spiders, birds (such as house sparrow, common myna, spotted dove and bulbul), predatory beetle and some species of ants were also recorded.

Light trap catch of Rice Insect Pest, Nephotettix Virescens (distant) and its relation with climatic factors.

Abstract: A 26 years light trap catch study of the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens revealed that there was one peak catches during first fortnight of August in the kharif (main) season of rice crop. The fortnightly mean morning relatively humidity for 15 days (nymphet period) prior to light trap catch had positive effect. The other factors like sunshine hours and rainfall had positive and negative influence respectively on the population catches. Multiple regression equation fitted also showed the 22% association with morning relative humidity. A mathematical model for forecasting relating to mean morning relative humidity with GLH catches in rice season had been developed based on 26 years light trap study. Pest appearance depends upon the availability of choice food, but the peak number depends upon the availability of choice food with the climatic factors.

Evaluation of different fungal antagonists, plant extracts and oil cakes against rhizoctonia solani causing stem rot of chilli

Abstract: Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and two isolates ofFusarium solani isolated from rhizosphere ofchilli significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and sclerotial production of Rhizoctonia solani causing stem rot of chilli. Maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (68.6 and 61.0 mm) and sclerotial production (nil) were recorded with local isolates of T. viride and T. harzianum, respectively. Coiling ofantagonists hyphae around the pathogen hyphae and finally lysis were observed. Sclerotia were colonized and its mycelium was predominant around it. Out of 23 plant extracts and five oil cakes plant extract of Plantago ovata, Allium sativum, Trigonella foenum-graecum and oil cakes of Brassica juncea inhibited maximum mycelial growth in in vitro condition.

Integrated Management of Pigeonpea Wilt by Biotic Agents and Biopesticides

Abstract: Two isolates of Trichoderma viride-l and 2 and one each of Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum and Bacillus subtilis were used as biotic agents against Fusarium udum, the causal agent of pigeonpea wilt, Bio-agents tested in vitro by dual culture method, were found antagonistic to F. udum. A maximum inhibition in growth of F. udum (38.3%) was reported by T viride-l followed by T. viride-2 (35.3%) whereas C. globosum was found least effective. Neem product amritguard (200 ppm), inhibited growth of the host pathogen by 69.2% in vitro. Soil application of T viride-l reduced wilt incidence by 31.1% while a combination of antagonist T. viride-l and amritguard provided 28.4% control at 60 days after sowing in pots. Seed treatment with amritguard alone was not found effective for the control of pigeonpea wilt.

Stable and Broad Based Resistance Against Wilt in Chickpea

Abstract: Five hundred and seventy chickpea genotypes were screened for resistance against kanpur isolate (Race2) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, of these PG 95007, PBG 126, FG 703, ICC 10149, H 82-2, H 92–71, GNG 1000, ICC 11442, BG 372 AND GL 91061, based on 3 years screening and BG 1084, WCG 95–50, FG 711, GL 96004, PBG I, GL 90236, FG 702, IPC 99-1, IPC 99–10, IPC 99–34, IPC 99–38, FG 712, FG 694, GPF 133, H 208 and ICC 2862 based on 2 years screening exhibited stable resistance. Twelve genotypes exhibited stable moderate resistance. Chickpea genotype GCP 9504 against 7 isolates, H 92–71, FG 711 and FG 712 against 6 isolates and FG 703, H 82-2, IPC 97-1 and WCGT 95–50 against 5 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri exhibited either stable resistance or stable moderate resj~tance. These genotypes may be used as donors for resistance against wilt in breeding programme.

Integrated Management Studies against Olitorius Jute Pests

Abstract: Field trials with five different treatments including three IPM modules revealed that occurrence of stem weevil, gray weevil, semilooper and yellow mite were significantly low in IPM module for insect and mite pests only but did not significantly differ with the IPM module for both insect and mite pests and diseases in comparison to untreated control. However, the incidence of stem rot and root rot diseases were low in IPM module only and did not significantly differ with the IPM module for both insect & mite pests and diseases in comparison to untreated control. The maximum fiber yield was obtained in the IPM module for insect and mite pests only which did not significantly differ diseases as compared to untreated control.

Incidence and Avoidable Loss due to Leaf Roller/Capsule Borer, Antigastra catalaunalis Dup. in Sesame

Abstract: Grain yield loss due to the incidence of leaf roller/capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis was assessed in sixteen varieties of sesame during twelve kharifseasons of 1986 to 1988. Three sprays of 0.07% endosulfan significantly reduced capsule damage caused by Antigastra larvae and also. increased the grain yield in all the sixteen varieties during the seasons of their testing. Mean avoidable loss in grain yield ranged 6.2 to 43.1% being 6.2% in Imp.sel-5; 9.4% in CT-785; 19.2–24.9% in TC-25; 22.5% in RT-46; 25% in JLT-26; 27.2% in RT-54; 32.7% in TKG-55; 34.5% in TKG-21; 34.7% in TKG-22; 35.0% in N-32; 41.0% in Rauss-17-4; 41.6% in JTS-8; 41.7% in RT-125; 42.2% in TKG-67; 42.7% in TKG-117 and 26.8–43.1% in JT-7.