Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1971"

Peptide Transport and Metabolism in Bacteria

Abstract: The subject of peptide transport in bacteria has recently been reviewed (1), and we wiIl attempt to provide only a brief discussion of this field. The interested reader is advised to consult that review (1) for an extensive list­ ing of references as welI as for a more detailed account of the experimental procedures and results. On the other hand, the subject of peptide metabo­ lism has not been previously reviewed. Formally, one might attempt to di­ vide the subject into a discussion of the metabolism of peptides supplied exogenously (i.e., nutritional utilization) and those generated internally through protein synthesis and protein degradation. However, if, as one now begins to suspect, the same peptidases act on peptides regardless of how they arise in the cytoplasm, this formalism may be somewhat artificial. The central role of intraceIIular peptidases in peptide metabolism makes manda­ tory a concern for their enzymology, function, and regulation. It is by in­ vestigating these processes that we wiII come to an understanding of the biological role of peptides and peptidases in bacterial systems.

Oxidation and Energy Conservation by Mitochondria

Abstract: INTRODUCTION... . • • • . • • • . • • • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • . • . . . . . • . • 115 TRANSFER OF REDUCING EQUIVALENTS 116 TRANSFER OF REDUCING EQUIVALENTS ACROSS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . ... . . .. . ........ . . ..... . .. 116 The cx-glycerolphosphate cycle " 117 The fJ-hydroxybutyrate cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 The malate-aspartate cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118 Oxidation of extramitochondrial N AD H by peroxisomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SOME ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INNER MEMBRANE . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 119 THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122 ENERGY-CONSERVING REACTIONS 127 THE ENERGIZED STATE OF MITOCHONDRIA • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . " 127 INHIBITORS OF PHOSPHORYLATION • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 129 COUPLING FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... " 131 MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHORYLATION; MODEL REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 132 ENERGY-UTILIZING REACTIONS 134 TRANSPORT OF IONS . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 134 Monovalent cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 137 Anions 138 Adenine nudeotides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141 The membrane potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142 UNCOUPLING • • • . • • • . . . . . • . • . . • • . . . " . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143 THERMOGENESIS IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 145 ENERGY-LINKED TRANSHYDROGENASE AND REVERSAL. 147 FLUORESCENCE PROBES . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . , 148

Transients and relaxation kinetics of enzyme reactions.

Abstract: FLOW METHODS 3-16 RELAXATION TECHNIQUES . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 318 THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS • . • • . . . . . . • . • . " . , . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . .. . . . .. .. 320 Interpretation of transient kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 320 Interpretation of relaxation spectra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 322 HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES • . • . . . " . . • . . . • • • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 324 NAD-LINKED DEHYDROGENASES 327 Lactate dehydrogenase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 331 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 332 Glutamate dehydrogenase " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 333 Aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 334 FLAVOPROTEINS • . • . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . " . . , . . . . . . . . • 335 HEMEPROTEINS. • • • • • . • . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 335 MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS • • . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . " . .. .. 338 More relaxations...... ..... . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... 338 Protein-protein interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Metabolic problems " . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .... . .. 339 CONCLUSIONS. . • • • . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . • . • • • . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . • . . .. 340

Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to the Study of Macromolecules

Abstract: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 609 AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES 611 A mino acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 611 Peptides ...... . ..... . ..... , , ... , 612 HOMOPOLYMERS AND THE HELIX-COIL PROBLEM . • . , • . . ' ....... , . . . . . . . . .. 613

Spin-label studies of cooperative oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

Abstract: IODOACETAMIDE SPIN LABEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229 TRIPHOSPHATE SPIN LABEL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232 HEME SPIN LABEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233 PRESENT STATUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235