Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1974"

Intracellular Protein Degradation in Mammalian and Bacterial Cells: Part 2

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 INTRODUCTION ....... 749 SELECTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGRADATION 749 Selectivity of the Degradative Process in Mammalian Cells 749 Biochemical Basis of Selectivity 752 Degradation of Abnormal Proteins in Mammalian Cells 755 Aging and the Degradation of Abnormal Proteins 758 Selectivity 0/ the Degradative Process in E. coli 760 Degradation of Abnormal Proteins in E. coli 762 E. coli MUlants De/ee/ive in Pro/ein Degradation 766 CONTROL OF THE OVERALL RATES OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION 767 Regulation of Proteolysis in E. coli 767 Mechanisms Regulating Protein Degradation and RNA Synthesis in E. coli 773 Regulation of Pratein Degradation in Mammalian Cells .. ....... ....... 775 Protein Degradation and Control of Cell Growth 776 Protein Degradation in Mammalian Tissues upon Deprivation of Nutrients 780 BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . .. ......... 783 Effects uf Inhibitors uf Protein Synthesis on Protein Degradation 783 Energy Requirement for Protein Degradation 787 The E nzymes Responsible lor Protein Degradation ........ ......... ........ 791

The sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase.

Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 327 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OVERALL REACTION 328 COURSE OF ATP HYDROLYSIS 329 A TP Binding 330 The Pho~phorylated Intermediate 331 Chemical Characterization of the Phosphorylated Intermediate 331 K+-Dependent Phosphatase Activity 333 Various Forms of Phosphoenzyme 334 Reversal of the Reaction 335 Interaction with Na+ and K+ 336 Other Ion Exchange Reactions Associated with the Sodium Pump 337 INTERACTION WITH CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 338 LIPID REQUIREMENT 341 PURIFICATION 344 POLYPEPTIDE COMPONENTS 348 The Phosphorylated Peptide 348 Glycoprotein Component of Purified NaK A TPase Preparations 349 TRANSPORT MODELS 350

X-Ray Studies of Protein Interactions

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 475 PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS 476 The Folding Problem 476 Secondary Structure 476 Tertiary Structure: A Tool in the Study of Evolution 482 Quaternary Structure 485 PROTEIN-METAL INTERACTIONS 489 General Observations 489 Functional Roles of Metal Ions in Proteins 489 Stabilization of structure and changes of conformation 489 Distorted metal coordination 491 PROTEIN-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS : 492 Interactions with Water 492 Structural results 492 Effect on folding 493 Interactions with Anions and Cations 494 Relationship Between Protein Structure in Solution and Crystal 495 PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACID INTERACTIONS 496 DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS ; CATALYSIS ’ 497 Serine Proteinases 498 Substrate binding and catalysis 498 Substrate specificity 499 Structure-Function Relationship in Dehydrogenases 501 CONCLUSION 502

Electron Microscopy of Enzymes

Abstract: INTRODUCTION IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVELY STAINED PARTICLES THE PRESERVATION AND CONTRASTING OF ENZYME SUBSTRUCTURE THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC IMAGES OF ENZYMES The Symmetry Model 288 Negative Staining Analog Methods 289 Use of a Tilting Stage 289 The Potential InfOrmation Content ~f Aggregates, Periodic Arrays, and Microcrystals. . . 290 Labeling of Subunits. , ." 291 RESULTS OBTAINED FROM ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ENZYMES... Illustrative Examples 292 Acetylcholinesterase 292 Argininosuceinase 292 Muscle phospho~lase . 293 Glutamate dehydrogenase 294 Transearboxylase 295 Multienzyme complexes 295 Nonbacterial glutamine a~vnthetases 295 A37~artate transcarbamylase 296 Glucose-6-phosphate dehrdrogenase 296 Overview and General Conclusions 298 279 280 284 287

Biosynthesis of Small Peptides

Abstract: INTRODucTION 445 CURRENT PROBLEMS OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF SPECIFIC OLIGOPEPT1DES 446 Grarnicidin S and Tyrocidines 446 Linear Grarnicidins 450 Polymyxins 450 Bacitracins 451 Malforrain 452 Edeine 452 Aciinomyeins ’ 453 Quinoxaline Antibiotics ..... ~ 453 Other Depsipeptides 454 Penicillins and Cephalosporins 454 Peptide-Type Ergot Alkaloids 454 Ferrichrome and Pulcherriminic Acid 455 Peptidoglycan 455 CONCLUDING REMARKS 455

The Electronmicroscopy of DNA

Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 605 MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD 606 Formaraide 607 Stainin~t DNA 607 DNA-Protein Complexes 607 The Microdiffusion Method 608 Orientation of DNA Molecules 608 lnterbase Distance 609 PHYSICAL MAPPING OF GENOMES 609 Heteroduplex Analysis 609 Genetic Relationships 610 RN/I-DNA Hybrids 611 DNA REPLICATION : 611 Mode and Direction of Replication 611 The Replication Fork 612 REPEATED SEQUENCES 613 BRANCH MIGRATION 613 DNA-PROTEIN I TERACTIONS 614 TRANSCRIPTION COMPLEXES 615 GENOME STRUCTURE 616