Showing papers in "Annual Review of Microbiology in 1972"

Production of volatile sulfur compounds by microorganisms.

Abstract: OCCURRENCE OF MICROBIAL VOLATILE SULFUR CoMPOUNDS.. . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • 127 MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUNDS BY J' MICROORGANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �Evolution as a result of dissimilation of methionine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ;--Formation from S-methylcysteine . � Formation from other S-alkylcysteines and S-allylcysteine, and their sulfoxides . . ,. Evolution from sulfonium compounds . �. '':_ Evolution from sulfate . ApPLIED AsPECTS OF VOLATILE SULFUR CoMPOUNDS FROM MICROORGANISMS . • . . . Inhibitory effect of volatile sulfur compounds on germination of pathogenic fungi. Volatile sulfur compounds in dairy products . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evolution of volatile sulfur compounds during storage of foods .

The Microbe as a Source of Food

Abstract: INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHY SINGLE CELL PROTEIN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MICROBIAL CELL PRODUCTION .... Microorganisms used . Substrates used. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Culture conditions . Harvesting and drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CoMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amino acid composition . Vitamin content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NUTRITIVE VALUE • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of protein quality . Feeding studies with animals and man . Human tolerance tests . Eff ect of processing . Questions related to SCP utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NUCLEIC ACIDS . Nucleic acid content in foods . Risks due to high N A intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Studies on the eff ect of NA consumption . Tolerable intake of NA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Reduction of NA content in sCPo . EVALUATION OF PRODUcr SAFETY . Test procedure . New products and natural toxicity ' . . . . . . . . . . . Practical experience of SCP toxicity testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ECONOMIC CoNSIDERATIONS . sCP for feed use .. . .. . SCPasfood . LARGE-SCALE PROJECTS ......... . GENERAL CoMMENTS .

The Genus Erwinia: Enterobacteria Pathogenic to Plants and Animals

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • • • • . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE • . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHEMICAL CoMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SEROLOGy . PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nutrition and selective media . Carbohydrate metabolism . Metabolism of pectic substances ... . . . . . . . . . Nitrogen metabolism ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Degradation of phenolic glucosides . GENETICS . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Induced variants . Genetic recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molecular genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BACTERIOPHAGES AND BACTERIOCINS . • . • . • • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBIOTIC AND OTHER ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS . Symbiotic associations . Interactions . Physiology of virulence for plants . Hypersensitive reaction . Diseases of man and other animals .. . TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS • • . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The primary conceptual error . Current taxonomic arrangements . Molecular and computer taxonomy . Erwinias are indeed enterobacteria .

Rifamycins: A General View

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ...... . CHEMISTRy ...... . 199 200 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY.. 202 MECHANISM OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION. . . . . . . . 205 Activity 0/1 whole cells. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 205 Activity Oil DNA-depelldellf RNA polymerase. 205 MUTATION TO RIFAMPICIN RESISTANCE. . . . . . 206 EFFECTS ON PHAGES AND PLASMlDS. . . . . . 208 STUDIES ON BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION. 209 ACTION ON EUKARYOTE-�.. . 210 EFFECTS ON DNA VIRUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 EFFECTS ON RNA TUMOR VIRUSES..... . . . 216 Rifamycill SV 3-iminomethyl derivaticcs. 217 Rifamycill SV 3-hydrazollomethyl derivatives. . . 217 3-Formylrifamycill SV oxime derivatives. . . . 217 CONCLUDING REMARKS • . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Carcinogens Produced by Fungi

Abstract: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ApPROACH TO EXPLORING CARCINOGENIC FUNGAL HAZARDS.. 279 Statistical analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279 Climate and fungal growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281 Fungi in relation to maTI . . ..... . ... . ... ,. . . . .. ... . . . . .. 281 Field and storage fungi. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282 Fungal intoxications of humans and domestic animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282 DETECTION OF CARCINOGENIC MyCOTOXINS... .. . . . . .. .. ........ .. ...... .. ... 283 Evidence from animal experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 286 Susceptibility of animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290 Target tissues 291 Metabolism and biochemical effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 292 Chemical aspects of carcinogens produced by fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295 FIELD AND STORAGE SURVEyS..... . . .. . • . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . .. ... 296 Field investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 296 Storage surveys.... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 298 EXPLORATION OF NEW CARCINOGENIC MYCOTOXlNS.... . . • . . . . • • • .. . . . . . . . . . • . 299 Methods of screening carcinogens..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 299 Cancer induction in humans by ingested mycotoxins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304 Chronic toxicity and carcinogenic eff ect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305 CoNCLUSION. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Rifampin: A Semisynthetic Derivative of Rifamycin-A Prototype for the Future

Abstract: .. ..•. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ........ .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . • • .•... ......... , . . . 93 Rifampinl is a recently developed, oral ly active, semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B and it has great promise as an effective and major antituber­ culosis drug. It is also active against many Gram-positive cocci. In addition, the drug has other actions which have both practical and theoretical implica­ tions.

Genetics of the Proteus group.

Abstract: TAXONOMY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Members of the group 24 Properties of the group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 DNA base composition and molecular relationships.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Lipids of Protozoa: Phospholipids and Neutral Lipids

Abstract: INTRODUcrION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250 LIPID COMPOSITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250 WHOLE ORGANISMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . 250 Sarcodinids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250 Flagellates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 251 Sporozoa , " .. .. . . .. .... ... 252 Ciliates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252 SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256 LIPID METABOLISM 258 METABOLISM DURING NORMAL GROWTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258 Neutral lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Phospholipids..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 Ether lipids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264 Glycolipids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265 METABOLIC ALTERATION BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES.... . .. .. . . .. .... ... 266 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266 Starvation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267 Aging 268 Exogenous lipids.. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. ... 269 THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN MEMBRANE BIOSYNTHESIS. 270 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 270 MITOCHONDRIA 273 CHLOROPLASTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 274 CONCLUSIONS 275 1 Supported by NSF Grant GB-16363 and Robert A. Welch Foundation Grant F-350.