Showing papers in "Annual Review of Plant Biology in 1974"
TL;DR: The development of a strategy for the establishment of aseptic culture and its application in the context of a desert environment.
Abstract: THE ORCHIDS 138 STAGES OF THE TISSUE CULTURE METHOD 138 Stage L Establishment of the Aseptic Culture 139 Stage II: Multiplication of Propagula , 140 Stage III: Preparation for Reestablishment of Plants in Soil 140 REQUIREMENTS OF EACH STAGE , 140 The Explant of Stage I 148 The Nutrient Medium 150
1,081 citations
467 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to provide a Discussion of the Foundations of Electron Dominance and its Applications, as well as some suggestions for further studies, to help clarify the role of electrons in the decision-making process.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 ELECTRON ACCEPTOR OF PHOTOSYSTEM I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Endogenous Electron Acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Localization of the Acceptor Site of Photosystem I in the Membrane. . . . . . . . . . . . 428 ELECTRON DONOR OF PHOTOSYSTEM I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Endogenous Electron Donor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Artificial Electron Donors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Cyclic Electron Flow Around Photosystem I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Localization of the Donor Site of Photosystem I in the Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 ELECTRON ACCEPTOR OF PHOTOSYSTEM II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Endogenous Electron Acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Artificial Electron Acceptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Localization of the Acceptor Site of Photosystem II in the Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . 437 ELECTRON DONOR OF PHOTOSYSTEM II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Endogenous Electron Donor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Artificial Electron Donors ............................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Localization of the Donor Site of Photosystem II in the Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE SIDED NESS OF THE MEMBRANE ................ 441 NONCYCLIC AND CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW ACROSS THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON FLOW.............. 451
409 citations
364 citations
336 citations
336 citations
261 citations
247 citations
179 citations
176 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to provide a history of methodology and some of the techniques used, as well as some examples, that have been used in the field of comparative medicine for more than a century.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ....... . .. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 METHODS FOR STUDYING PROTEIN TURNOVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Single Administration or Pulse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Kinetic Analysis of Uptake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 369 Constant Infusion or Continuous Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Dual Labeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Density Labeling. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 370 Kinetic Analysis of Changes in Enzyme Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
TL;DR: Promotion of Growth by Carbon Dioxide and Acid pH, Auxin, Acid, and Cell Wall Chemistry, and Other Nonhormonal Factors.
Abstract: IN TRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 TECHNIQUES FOR ME ASURING RAPID RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 RAPID RESPONSES TO AUXIN 197 Relationship to Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Modification of Timing of the Growth Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 RAPID GROWTH PROMOTION BY N ON HORMON AL FACTORS 202 Promotion of Growth by Carbon Dioxide and Acid pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Relationship of the Acid Response to A uxin Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Auxin, Acid, and Cell Wall Chemistry ...... . . . .... . . . . . . . ...... . . ..... . ... 210 Other Nonhormonal Factors .. . . " . .... . .. 214
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the role of cycladian rhythms in the activity of Liver Enzymes in unicells and found that they were correlated with the number of chloroplasts in the CHs.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 1 16 CIRCADIAN METABOLIC RHYTHMS ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 16 Background Considerations .... ..... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Circadian Rhythms in the Activity of Liver Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 17 Circadian Rhythms in Chloroplasts of Unicells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
TL;DR: The author reveals how the phytochemical properties of polysaccharides, particularly the polymethine-like properties, have changed over time from being a pure white substance to a yellow-coloured substance over time.
Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 GLYCOSIDE PHYTOTOXINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 HeJminthosporoside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Oligosaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Glycopeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Lipomucopolysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Polysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 TERPENOID PHYTOTOXINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
TL;DR: In this article, Sieve tube fine structure and Turgor changes are discussed and a comparison of different types of Sieve Tube structures are made. But the authors do not consider the effects of different sizes of the Sieve tubes on the performance of the transversal process.
Abstract: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTING SIEVE ELEMENTS., 516 Sieve Tube Fine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Tissue Fixation and Turgor Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Nature and Properties of Fine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 Phloem Blockage.... ....... . .... . 518 THE METABOLIC CONTROL OF PHLOEM TRANSPORT 519 Vein Loading and Metabolite Retention.... ...... . . ..... .... ...... 520 Sieve Tube Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Energy Requirements for Translocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Electroosmosis., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Protoplasmic Strea ming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Contractile Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Available Energy . 521 Metabolic Inhibitors . ..... ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 SIEVE TUBE WATER RELATIONS 524 Solute Concentrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Sieve Tube Pressure and Turgor Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Water Move ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Translocation under Water Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 PATTERNS, PROFILES, AND TRANSPORT ATTRIBUTES 528 Patterns and Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Bidirectional Movement 529 Speed of Move ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Comparison and Properties of Mobile Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 SOURCES, SINKS, AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF TRANSPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Response to Sink Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Hormonal Control of Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534