Showing papers in "Aphasiology in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 4-5, pp. 243-249, is discussed. But the authors do not discuss the relationship between social action and discourse analysis.
Abstract: (1999). Transcript Notation - Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Aphasiology: Vol. 13, No. 4-5, pp. 243-249.
360 citations
TL;DR: The dysgranular insula lying in between the anterior and posterior insula represents an anatomical and functional anomaly which underscores the posteriorinsula s role in somatosensory, vestibular, and motor integration.
Abstract: Much information has been acquired on the anatomy and function of the insula over the past two decades. The insula has a dynamic cytoarchitectonic arrangement throughout its length. The anterior insula is comprised of an agranular allocortical area which functionally is part of the paralimbic belt. Its cortical connections are predominantly with other allocortical areas. Sub cortical, limbic, and brain stem connections underscore the anterior insula s role in processing and integrating autonomic and visceral information. The posterior insula is comprised of a granular isocortical area which functionally is linked to somatomotor systems. Its cortical connections are predominantly with other neocortical areas. Insular cortical and sub cortical connections, especially with the thalamus and basal ganglia, underscore the posteriorinsula s role in somatosensory, vestibular, and motor integration. The dysgranular insula lying in between the anterior and posterior insula represents an anatomical and functional tr...
241 citations
TL;DR: A review of the major findings and hypotheses to emerge in the literature concerned with speech prosody is presented in this article, where the authors consider both production and perception of prosody in patients with lateralized left or right hemisphere damage.
Abstract: This paper reviews the major findings and hypotheses to emerge in the literature concerned with speech prosody. Both production and perception of prosody are considered. Evidence from studies of patients with lateralized left or right hemisphere damage are presented, as well as relevant data from anatomical and functional imaging studies.
223 citations
TL;DR: In the last 20 years, single-subject research designs have become important forms of aphasia-treatment research for assessing the effectiveness of treatment on a subject-by-subject (or patient-bypatient) basis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the last 20 years, single-subject research designs have become important forms of aphasia-treatment research for assessing the effectiveness of treatment on a subject-by-subject (or patient-by-patient) basis. In that time, several important developments in the statistical literature centring on the reliability and validity of single-subject research have occurred. This work assesses the state of aphasia-treatment single-subject research in the context of that scholarship and proposes recommendations for future applications through a tutorial-like presentation. This paper details the analysis of published single subject results and proposes recommendations concerning future applications of single-subject designs. The work focuses on four domains: designs, data, effect sizes, and analyses. The findings indicate that aphasia-treatment singlesubject studies, which are well designed for the most part, yield a short series of autocorrelated data manifesting generally large treatment effects. However, only on...
172 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the collaborative nature of aphasic conversation and found that collaborative efforts can be seen in such situations where word searching problems, such as word searching, emerge, and the main findings suggest that these sequences have a regular structure of four distinct phases that are quite similar irrespective of the type of an aphasia.
Abstract: The focus of this article is to examine in more detail the collaborative nature of aphasic conversation. In particular, collaborative efforts can be seen in such situations where aphasic problems, such as word searching, emerge. These problems have traditionally been studied as a cognitive process of an aphasic individual. The aim is to demonstrate that in aphasic conversation word search is a visible activity which often initiates a collaborative problem-solving sequence, traditionally called a 'hint and guess sequence. As the special practices by which this collaboration is accomplished are relatively unknown, the 'hint and guess sequences of both fluent and non-fluent aphasic speakers have been analysed in detail. The main findings suggest that these sequences have a regular structure of four distinct phases that are quite similar irrespective of the type of aphasia.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the growing literature which documents that not only may adults with aphasia present with attention deficits, but also that their attention deficits may negatively affect both language comprehension and production skills.
Abstract: Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the integrity of attention in adults with aphasia. This review paper examines this issue by first introducing attention theory and associated terminology. Next, the paper summarizes the growing literature which documents that not only may adults with aphasia present with attention deficits, but also that their attention deficits may negatively a ect both their language comprehension and production skills. Lastly, the clinical implications of adopting an attentional model of aphasia are considered with respect to strategies for both the assessment and treatment of adults with aphasia.
133 citations
TL;DR: The first reports of patients with category specific recognition impairments for living and non living things were documented by Nielsen as discussed by the authors, who argued that they arose from the difference in processing demands of different tasks in functional and anatomically separate systems.
Abstract: Patients with category specific recognition impairments for living and non living things have played a crucial role in developing current theories of semantic memory and object recognition. This paper reviews a number of the classic cases and discusses the theories that have been developed to account for these impairments. The first reports of patients with category specific recognition impairments for living and non living things were documented by Nielsen, who argued that they arose because living and non living things were stored in functionally and anatomically separate systems. Although this hypothesishas been reiterated in some recent papers, the most widespread view hasbeen that they emerge because living andnon living thingshave contrasting processing demands. The latter accounts include those which stress the relative importance of: the 'weighting of sensory and functional features associated with living and non living things; the role of structural similarity between objects; the role of direct ...
106 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide information on the rationale, design characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of this research paradigm and its usefulness in clinical aphasiology and provide background information on various research paradigms not widely used in the field.
Abstract: As clinical aphasiologists seek different ways to understand the complexity of aphasia within naturalistic and social contexts, there is an increasing need to provide background information on various research paradigms not widely used in the field. Consistent with recent calls for qualitative research in clinical aphasiology, this article provides information on the rationale, design characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of this research paradigm and its usefulness in clinical aphasiology.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, ten nonaphasic volunteers and 10 individuals with aphasia were assigned to dyads and videotaped in conversation and judged each volunteer in the videotaped conversations from 'best' to 'worst' communication partner.
Abstract: Ten nonaphasic volunteers and 10 individuals with aphasia were assigned to dyads and videotaped in conversation. Judges ranked each volunteer in the videotaped conversations from 'best' to 'worst' communication partner. The two best and two worst interactions were submitted to detailed analysis using Conversation Analysis (CA) methodology. Discourse devices and resources employed by speaking partners in the dyads were identified. Results abstracted from the CA were compared to contrast discourse characteristics between the high ranked and low ranked partners. Specific strategies identified and implications for aphasia intervention are discussed.
94 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the use of conversation analysis (CA) to guide individualized advice to the brother of a man with aphasia and provided a mechanism to evaluate the effect of the interaction.
Abstract: Recent research findings have suggested that there is a need for an individualized approach to the development of facilitation strategies which takes into account the unique effects of aphasia. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of conversation analysis (CA) to guide individualized advice to the brother (RB) of a man with aphasia (JB) and to provide a mechanism to evaluate the effect of the interaction. RB attended a weekly communication skills training group which ran once a week for six consecutive weeks. Prior to his inclusion in the group a qualitative analysis of a conversation between him and his brother provided detailed information on collaborative repair management. An assessment of his perception of the linguistic and pragmatic manifestations of his brother s aphasia was performed using the Conversation Analysis Profile for People with Aphasia (CAPPA). The detailed insights provided by the analyses guided the issues covered during the group. Following the intervention, the assessments w...
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a writing treatment protocol was designed for a 75 year-old man with severe Wernicke's aphasia, and four treatment phases were implemented: a multiple baseline design that documented improvement in single-word writing for targeted words, a clinician-directed home program that increased the corpus of correctly-spelled single words, another multiple baseline series that documented acquisition of additional written words, as well as pragmatic training in the use of singleword writing to support conversational communication; and a selfdirected home treatment to further expand written vocabulary.
Abstract: A writing treatment protocol was designed for a 75 year-old man with severe Wernicke's aphasia. Four treatment phases were implemented: (1) a multiple baseline design that documented improvement in single-word writing for targeted words; (2) a clinician-directed home program that increased the corpus of correctly-spelled single words; (3) another multiple baseline series that documented acquisition of additional written words, as well as pragmatic training in the use of single-word writing to support conversational communication; and (4) a self-directed home treatment to further expand written vocabulary. The patient's acquisition of targeted words suggested an item-specific treatment effect that strengthened weakened graphemic representations. The patient's continued acquisition of correctly spelled words during the self-directed home treatment supported the use of this approach to supplement more traditional clinician-directed treatment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of a well-established analytic framework to investigate conversation in authentic settings, which is described according to its development and primary principles and several examples of its application to clinical aphasiology are provided.
Abstract: The conversational behaviours of individuals with aphasia are becoming a more important consideration in clinical aphasiology. This is due to the increased focus on conversational dyads and conversational partners via supported conversation for adults with aphasia. This article provides an overview of a well-established analytic framework to investigate conversation in authentic settings. This framework, conversation analysis, is described according to its development and primary principles. Several examples of its application to clinical aphasiology are provided.
TL;DR: The authors examined the talk of two aphasic-speech and language therapist (SLT) and two anaphoric-spouse partnerships and found that spouses played a part in exposing and prolonging repair.
Abstract: The phenomena discussed in this paper emerged from a study that examined the talk of two aphasic-speech and language therapist (SLT) and two aphasic-spouse partnerships. In the aphasic-spouse conversations there was a pattern in which, following an 'error in the aphasic person s spoken output, the partnership engaged in a collaborative revision of aphasic production. These revision sequences explicitly brought repair to the conversational surface and were unusual in their extension of repair beyond the point where the target became known. Whilst opportunities for revision existed in the aphasic-SLT talk, the SLTs reluctance to model production helped to ensure that similar sequences did not occur in these conversations. A wider review of repair phenomena revealed that whilst the SLTs worked to minimize the interactive consequences of aphasic troubles in talk, spouses played a part in exposing and prolongingrepair. Possible reasons for different patterns of repair in aphasic-SLT and aphasic-spouse conversa...
TL;DR: In this paper, aphasia can disrupt the speaker's ability to display the sequential properties of utterances in conversation and can, therefore, be an important reason why certain aphasic turns can be difficult for hearers to understand.
Abstract: Investigations of non-aphasic conversation have displayed the importance of sequentiality in the meaning and understanding of utterances in conversation. Sequentiality refers to the way in which an utterance is constructed so as to display its relation to the immediately preceding utterances and to make expectable a certain type of utterance in the following turn. As such, it has been shown to be a central resource for participants in achieving intersubjectivity, or a state of mutual understanding, in conversation. In this paper, sequentiality in aphasic conversation is investigated. It is found that aphasia can disrupt the speaker s ability to display the sequential properties of utterances in conversation and can, therefore, be an important reason why certain aphasic turns can be difficult for hearers to understand. However, aphasic speakers are also shown to be able to use the sequential context of earlier turns as a resource to aid communication by referring deictically to prior utterances. It is sugg...
TL;DR: Some redundancy was observed among measures in the ability to determine severity and measure change, but the results do not support one measure as an adequate replacement for another.
Abstract: The relationship between impairment and disability measures was examined for assessing initial severity of, and change in, aphasia. Twenty two aphasic adults were administered three aphasia tests at two points in time. Videotaped speech samples were collected and scored using Correct Information Unit and Main Concept analyses. Ten normal listeners viewed randomized, paired pre and post samples to provide a social judgement of change. Most impairment measures were significantly related, and most predicted disability scores. Change on most impairment measures was not related, and change on only one impairment measure predicted change in disability. Three of the connected speech measures predicted listener judgements. Thus, some redundancy was observed among measures in the ability to determine severity and measure change, but the results do not support one measure as an adequate replacement for another. Moreover, the relationship between change on the standardized impairment and disability measures and list...
TL;DR: In this paper, a specific aphasiological problem is approached by means of conversation analysis, where the varying manifestations of agrammatism in the speech of one patient is analyzed.
Abstract: In this paper, a specific aphasiological problem is approached by means of conversation analysis: the varying manifestations of agrammatism in the speech of one patient. According to the adaptation theory by Kolk and Heeschen, (most) agrammatics have the option to speak either in complete sentences (with the usual problems familiar to any aphasiologist) or to resort to systematically simplified expressions ('telegraphic style). Two episodes from a conversation between an agrammatic patient and her best friend are analysed----one episode in which the patient uses hardly any 'telegrams and one in which telegraphic expressions figure more centrally. The core questions are: What is achieved by resorting to telegraphic style in talk-in-interaction? and; How far does the healthy co-participant organize her conduct contingent on the varying practices in the patient s speech? A first answer suggests that telegraphic style is a resource for mobilizing the co-participant to become more engaged and to provide more h...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Conversation Analysis (CA) to investigate the frequency and nature of trouble and repair in conversations between persons with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer s Type SDAT and their communication partners.
Abstract: Conversational Analysis CA is increasingly being used to examine the conversations of people with neurogenic language disorders because it allows for the description of how trouble in a conversation is signalled, how it is repaired and to what extent these conversational repairs are successful. The present study has used CA to investigate the frequency and nature of trouble and repair in conversations between persons with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer s Type SDAT and their communication partners. The study recorded spontaneous conversations between 10 subjects with SDAT and 10 control subjects all unfamiliar to the SDAT subject. The conversations were audiotaped and later transcribed and analysed according to type of Trouble Indicating Behaviour (12), pattern of Repair Trajectory (6), specific Repair Types (7), and whether or not the repair was successful. The results of the study revealed that the normal partners used a high proportionof interactive trouble indicating behaviours to signal a breakdown ...
TL;DR: In this article, the temporal reliability of analyses of collaborative repair in dyadic conversations recorded on four different occasions between eight people with aphasia and their relatives was investigated through comparison of quantitative and qualitative analyses.
Abstract: This paper describes an investigation of the temporal reliability of analyses of collaborative repair in aphasic conversation. Whilst it has been proposed that conversation analysis has a useful contribution to make to the assessment of aphasia, assessment methods which use natural interaction as a basis for analysis have been assumed to lack reliability because of variability in conversation in contrast to the standardization across assessments possible with formal assessments. This issue was addressed through comparison of quantitative and qualitative analyses of collaborative repair in dyadic conversations recorded on four different occasions between eight people with aphasia and their relatives. Quantitative results revealed significant within-participant variation in the quantity of collaborative repair occurring in the conversations but between-participant variation was of much greater magnitude. The findings of the qualitative analysis indicated reliability in the interactional challenges experienc...
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of sound production training on a speaker with apraxia of speech and Broca's aphasia were examined, and the results showed that sound production from the speaker was significantly worse than that from a speaker without apraxias of speech.
Abstract: This investigation was designed to examine the effects of a sound production training program on the production of selected sounds from a speaker with apraxia of speech and Broca's aphasia. Treatme...
TL;DR: This paper examined the phonologic similarity effect among individuals with aphasia (APH) and apraxia of speech (APH/AOS) and normal controls (NC) and found no differences in inter-word interval length.
Abstract: This investigation examined the phonologic similarity effect among individuals with aphasia (APH), with aphasia and apraxia of speech (APH/AOS) and normal controls (NC). Participants repeatedly produced pairs of rhyming words that contrasted with respect to the featural similarity of their onsets (i.e. shared voicing and manner, shared place and manner, no shared features). Rogers and Storkel (1998) used similar word pairs, but presented them one at a time, ostensibly requiring reprogramming of pre-motor processing buffers whenever a novel word was presented. They found that phonologic similarity delayed naming. In the present investigation, a parameter remapping task was used in which both words in the pair were presented before speakers began the rapid serial productions, thus alleviating the need to reprogram the processing buffer between the first and second word. Two measures of inter-word interval duration were obtained. The APH and NC groups showed no differences in inter-word interval length betwe...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the narrative discourse abilities of a group of severely traumatically brain injured (TBI) speakers at two intervals post-injury, using a picture description task.
Abstract: This paper describes the narrative discourse abilities of a group of severely traumatically brain injured (TBI) speakers at two intervals post-injury. At initial assessment (between 3 and 6 months post-injury) a group of 26 TBI speakers were assessed using a picture description task. The performance of two control groups was also examined. The first control group was comprised of 26 non-TBI orthopaedically injured speakers and the second control group comprised 26 university students. These control groups were selected in order to examine the possibility that premorbid demographic factors can influence the discourse skills of TBI speakers. Measures of interest included content (number and type of story grammar elements present), communicative efficiency (syllables per story grammar element) and pragmatic performance (errors on a modified version of Damico's Clinical Discourse Analysis - the CDA-M). The measure which most clearly separated the performance of the TBI speakers from that of the controls on an...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that a methodology that is data driven and context relevant offers more valuable insights into individuals language use and their language separation in conversation. But they do not address the problem of language choice in bilingual speakers with Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract: Bilingual speakers with Alzheimer s disease (AD) may use the wrong language for the setting interlocutor or produce what appears to be an inappropriate mixture of their two languages. The few published studies to date examining this phenomenon have investigated it within a discourse analysis framework, interpreting the behaviour either as a problem of language choice (choosing the appropriate language in which to converse) or language separation (keeping two languages separate in production). These authors contend that while such a distinction is theoretically feasible, it is extremely problematic to apply these labels to actual conversational data. Using examples from free conversations of four bilingual women with AD, some of the difficulties inherent in a discourse analytic approach to this question are illustrated. Applying principles from conversation analysis (CA) it is argued that a methodology that is data driven and context relevant offers more valuable insights into individuals language use and ...
TL;DR: The role of the left insula in language has been investigated in this paper, where it has been suggested that the insula may influence verbal motivation and verbal affect, as well as verbal affect.
Abstract: In this paper some of Benson's ideas about the role of the insula in language are developed. It is proposed that the insula is involved in two di erent aspects of language. On one hand, the insula should be regarded as a part of the brain language area. Damage to the insula frequently results in aphasia. Among the various language disturbances associated with damage in the left insula are Broca's aphasia, conduction aphasia, and the word deafness component of Wernicke's aphasia. Apraxia of speech and mutism have been also reported associated with insula damage. Then on the other hand, recent studies of anatomical connections of the insula point to an important viscero limbic role and it has been suggested that the insula may influence verbal motivation and verbal affect.
TL;DR: Ideas about the organization and representation of knowledge, the interaction of semantic and episodic memory, and the contribution of semantic memory to reading ability are discussed and can be informatively modelled in the framework of connectionist theory.
Abstract: The clinical differentiation of progressive disorders of language is described in the context of the evolution of current terminology. The syndromes of semantic dementia and progressive non-fluent aphasia can be distinguished on clinical and neuropsychological grounds; the former is characterized by a progressive and selective disintegration of the semantic component of longterm memory. Semantic dementia is also associated with characteristic structural and functional neuroimaging findings, and may represent a form of Pick's disease (focal lobar atrophy without Alzheimer histology). Selective impairment of this fundamental component of human cognition has allowed the empirical investigation of a range of theoretical questions. We discuss ideas about the organization and representation of knowledge, the interaction of semantic and episodic memory, and the contribution of semantic memory to reading ability. Many of these ideas can be informatively modelled in the framework of connectionist theory.
TL;DR: In this article, Qualitative methods in aphasia research: ethnography, linguistics, and aphasiology are presented, with a focus on the ethnography of aphasias.
Abstract: (1999). Qualitative methods in aphasia research: ethnography. Aphasiology: Vol. 13, No. 9-11, pp. 681-687.
TL;DR: In this paper, Informal carers of aphasic stroke patients: stresses and interventions are discussed, and aphasiology: Vol. 13, No. 12, pp. 889-900.
Abstract: (1999). Informal carers of aphasic stroke patients: stresses and interventions. Aphasiology: Vol. 13, No. 12, pp. 889-900.
TL;DR: It has been found that the everyday life of aphasic patients and their relatives is encumbered with a large number of difficulties and the patients are much more troubled by their communication problems than are the family.
Abstract: Aphasic patients and their relatives meet difficulties in various domains. They are confronted with communication problems. Together with the patient the family has to deal with the fact that the relative is dependent on their help as well as socially di erent. The goal of the research was to establish handicaps most commonly occurring in the life of aphasic patients and their relatives in a sample attending a speech therapy clinic in Slovenia. The authors were interested in their wishes and expectations. Twenty aphasic patients and 20 of their relatives were interviewed. It has been found that the everyday life of aphasic patients and their relatives is encumbered with a large number of difficulties. The patients are much more troubled by their communication problems than are the family. The latter are more concerned with the problems accompanying aphasia. In expressing wishes, both the patient and the relatives give priority to the hope that the patient will recover the capacity to speak.
TL;DR: This paper explored potential partners willingness to participate in storytelling conversations with communicators who have aphasia, and investigated adult peers perceptions of a communicator with aphasias, finding that participants were more likely to listen to the communicator than the speaker.
Abstract: This study explored potential partners willingness to participate in storytelling conversations with communicators who have aphasia. We investigated adult peers perceptions of a communicator with a...
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of cognitive impairment on the interaction between people with Parkinson's disease and their carers was examined, and the interactional consequences of altered communication behaviour were explored by analysing the types of strategies that were spontaneously used by carers when difficulties arose in conversation.
Abstract: The impact of cognitive impairment on the interaction between people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their carers was examined. A conversation analytic approach was taken to profile the nature of the communication difficulties of 12 people with PD with cognitive impairment in addition to the articulatory and prosodic disturbances typically associated with PD. Using a methodology that combined carer reports and analysis of conversational data, the complex relationship between impaired communicative behaviour, carers perceptions and the influence of changes from premorbid conversational styles and contexts was examined. The interactional consequences of altered communication behaviour were explored by analysing the types of strategies that were spontaneously used by carers when difficulties arose in conversation. The study further compared the conversational profiles of people with PD diagnosed with two putatively different pathologies in an attempt to determine whether analysis of interaction could discr...
TL;DR: Learning in aphasia therapy: It's not so much what you do, but how you do it! as discussed by the authors, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp 125-150.
Abstract: (1999). Clinical Forum Learning in aphasia therapy: It's not so much what you do, but how you do it! Aphasiology: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 125-150.