Applied Categorical Structures 

About: Applied Categorical Structures is an academic journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Functor & Morphism. It has an ISSN identifier of 0927-2852. Over the lifetime, 1844 publications have been published receiving 21265 citations.

Factors Affecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Abstract: Nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems (5−250 nm) have the potential to improve current disease therapies because of their ability to overcome multiple biological barriers and releasing a therapeutic load in the optimal dosage range. Rapid clearance of circulating nanoparticles during systemic delivery is a critical issue for these systems and has made it necessary to understand the factors affecting particle biodistribution and blood circulation half-life. In this review, we discuss the factors which can influence nanoparticle blood residence time and organ specific accumulation. These factors include interactions with biological barriers and tunable nanoparticle parameters, such as composition, size, core properties, surface modifications (pegylation and surface charge), and finally, targeting ligand functionalization. All these factors have been shown to substantially affect the biodistribution and blood circulation half-life of circulating nanoparticles by reducing the level of nonspecific uptake, de...

Light-Controlled Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms, Methods, and Applications

Abstract: The use of light to mediate controlled radical polymerization has emerged as a powerful strategy for rational polymer synthesis and advanced materials fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive survey of photocontrolled, living radical polymerizations (photo-CRPs). From the perspective of mechanism, all known photo-CRPs are divided into either (1) intramolecular photochemical processes or (2) photoredox processes. Within these mechanistic regimes, a large number of methods are summarized and further classified into subcategories based on the specific reagents, catalysts, etc., involved. To provide a clear understanding of each subcategory, reaction mechanisms are discussed. In addition, applications of photo-CRP reported so far, which include surface fabrication, particle preparation, photoresponsive gel design, and continuous flow technology, are summarized. We hope this review will not only provide informative knowledge to researchers in this field but also stimulate new ideas and applications to further advance photocontrolled reactions.

Algebraic operations and generic effects

Abstract: Given a complete and cocomplete symmetric monoidal closed category V and a symmetric monoidal V-category C with cotensors and a strong V-monad T on C, we investigate axioms under which an Ob C-indexed family of operations of the form α x :(Tx) v →(Tx) w provides semantics for algebraic operations on the computational λ-calculus. We recall a definition for which we have elsewhere given adequacy results, and we show that an enrichment of it is equivalent to a range of other possible natural definitions of algebraic operation. In particular, we define the notion of generic effect and show that to give a generic effect is equivalent to giving an algebraic operation. We further show how the usual monadic semantics of the computational λ-calculus extends uniformly to incorporate generic effects. We outline examples and non-examples and we show that our definition also enriches one for call-by-name languages with effects.

Trunks and classifying spaces

Abstract: Trunks are objects loosely analogous to categories Like a category, a trunk has vertices and edges (analogous to objects and morphisms), but instead of composition (which can be regarded as given by preferred triangles of morphisms) it has preferred squares of edges A trunk has a natural cubical nerve, analogous to the simplicial nerve of a category The classifying space of the trunk is the realisation of this nerve Trunks are important in the theory of racks [8] A rackX gives rise to a trunkT (X) which has a single vertex and the setX as set of edges Therack space BX ofX is the realisation of the nerveNT (X) ofT(X) The connection between the nerve of a trunk and the usual (cubical) nerve of a category determines in particular a natural mapBX ↦BAs(X) whereBAs(X) is the classifying space of the associated group ofX There is an extension to give a classifying space for an augmented rack, which has a natural map to the loop space of the Brown-Higgins classifying space of the associated crossed module [8, Section 2] and [3] The theory can be used to define invariants of knots and links since any invariant of the rack space of the fundamental rack of a knot or link is ipso facto an invariant of the knot or link

Approximation of Metric Spaces by Partial Metric Spaces

Abstract: Partial metrics are generalised metrics with non-zero self-distances. We slightly generalise Matthews' original definition of partial metrics, yielding a notion of weak partial metric. After considering weak partial metric spaces in general, we introduce a weak partial metric on the poset of formal balls of a metric space. This weak partial metric can be used to construct the completion of classical metric spaces from the domain-theoretic rounded ideal completion.