Showing papers in "Bacteriological Reviews in 1966"

Immunochemistry of O and R antigens of Salmonella and related Enterobacteriaceae.

Abstract: INTRODUCION................................................................ 193 STUDIES ON 0 ANTIGENS...................................................... 196 Isolation and Properties of O-Specific Preparations from Bacteria.................. 196 Trichloroacetic acid extraction of the whole \"Boivin\" antigen.................... 196 Extraction of lipopolysaccharides with phenol-water, aqueous ether, and similar methods.................................................. ............. 196 Extraction ofpolysaccharides with sodium hydroxide: alkali polysaccharide ...... 197 Extraction ofpolysaccharide by acetic acid: degraded Freeman polysaccharide...... 197 Physical and biological properties of 0-specific preparations..................... 197 Sugar Constituents of the Specific Polysaccharides.............................. 198 6-Deoxyhexoses........................................................... 199 3, 6-Dideoxyhexoses ...................................................... 199 Heptoses................................................................. 200 Hexosamines.............................................................. 200 Ribose.................................................................. 200 2-Keto-3-deoxy-octonate (KDO)............................................. 200 0-phosphorylethanolamine.................................................. 201 Sugar Composition ofSpecific Polysaccharides.................................. 201 Structure of the O-Specific Side Chain.......................................... 204 Salmonella ofgroup DI ................. .................................... 204 Salmonella ofgroup B ............... ...................................... 205 Salmonella ofgroups E1 (3, 10), E2 (3, 15), E3 (3, 15, 34), and E4 (1, 3, 19) ......... 206 Salmonella of groups G (13, 22), N (30), and U (43) ...... .................... 206 Structure of 0 Factors in Specific Polysaccharides.............................. 206 Role of 3,6-dideoxyhexoses: 0 factors 2, 4, 8, 9, 35, 50........................ 207 Artificial antigens......................................................... 209 Factor 5................................................................. 209 Factors 1, 112, 19, 37....................................................... 210 Factors 3, 10, 15, and 34 .............. ..................................... 211 Factor 12........... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ............................ 212 Location of the factors on the chain........................................ 212 Biochemical and Genetic Basis of Changes in Specificity After Phage Conversion .... 214 Appearance offactor 1..................................................... 215 Conversions in group E..................................................... 216 Appearance of factors 27A, 27B, and 27D in groups A, B, and D after conversion byphage27............................................................ 216 STUDIES ON R ANTIGENS...................................................... 219 Preparation and Composition of R (Lipo)polysaccharides........................ 221 R Mutants ofChemotype Ra (Serotype R II Mutants) ...... ...................... 221 Chemical structure ........................................................ 223 Enzymatic defects......................................................... 225 R Mutants of Chemotype Rb (Serotype R I Mutants)............................. 227 Serology.................................................................. 227 Chemical structure ........................................................ 227 Enzymatic defects......................................................... 227 0-specific polysaccharide hapten ofR I mutants ....... ......................... 228 R Mutants ofChemotype Rc (M Mutants) ........ .............................. 228 Enzymatic defects and biochemical properties.................................. 228 Chemical analysis ofchemotype Rc lipopolysaccharides......................... 229 Accumulation ofnucleoside diphospho sugars in M mutants...................... 229 R Mutants of Chemotype Rd.................................................. 230 R Mutants of Chemotype Re.................................................. 230 Salmonella T Forms......................................................... 231 Semirough Forms ........... ................................................ 231 Genetics ofR Mutants ...................................................... 232

Chemical nature and biological effects of the aflatoxins.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ................. .............. .................... ............ CHEMICAL NATURE OF AFLATOXINS ......................................... Isolation ................................................................. Physical Properties and Structures .......................................... Chemical Properties ........................................................ BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE AFLATOXINS ........................................ Acute Toxicity In Vivo...................................................... Acute Toxicity in Cell Cultures and Embryos................................... Subacute Toxicity.......................................................... Carcinogenic Properties .................................................... METABOLISM OF AFLATOXINS BY ANIMALS ................................... BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS ............ .................. SUMMARY ............................. LITERATURE CITED............................... 460 460 460 461 462 462 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 468

Roles of amino acid activating enzymes in cellular physiology.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ Cellular Responses to Amino Acid Restriction.................................. Key Position ofAminoacyl sRNA Synthetases................................... MUTANTS WITH MODIFiED AMiNOACYL sRNA SYNTHETASES....................... Conditionally Expressed Mutations........................................... General background ..................................................... Temperature-conditional mutations......................................... Streptomycin-conditional mutations......................................... Methods for isolating conditional mutants.................................... Mutations Conferring Analogue Resistance.................................... Naturally Occurring Variants................................................ Epi-regulatory Mutations................................................... GENETIC AND METABOLIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTANTS WITH MODIFIED SYNTHETASES............................................................... Valyl sRNA Synthetase .................................................... Glycyl sRNA Synthetase ................................................... Histidyl sRNA Synthetase.................................................. Alanyl sRNA Synthetase ................................................... Arginyl sRNA Synthetase .................................................. Phenylalanyl sRNA Synthetase ............................................. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MUTANTS WITH MODIFED SYNTHETASES............. Regulation ofRNA Synthesis ................................................. Regulation ofDNA Synthesis................................................ Repression ofBiosynthetic Enzzymes.......................................... End-Product Inhibition ofBiosynthetic Pathways................................ Catabolite Repression ..................................................... PHAGE-INDUCED MODIFICATION OF VALYL sRNA SYNTHETASE ACrIVITY........... SUMMARY AND FUTURE GoALS................................................. LITERATURE CITED .......................................................... 701 701 703 704 704 704 704 704 705 705 705 705

Mechanisms by which antibiotics increase the incidence and severity of candidiasis and alter the immunological defenses.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION .................................................... EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON C. ALBICANS......................................... Growth of C. albicans ........................................................ C. albicans Endotoxin ........................................................ Mycelial Phase of C. albicans .................................................. EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON HOST RESISTANCE TO C. ALBICA.S....................... Antibiotic-Iniereased Lethality of Candida...................................... Local Irritant Effect ofAntibiotics. ............................................

Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols.

Abstract: : The purpose of these studies was to describe procedures employed in studies on the role of viral aerosols in human viral respiratory disease. The results showed that viral aerosols prepared with the Collision atomizer can be adjusted to a desired content of virus, and that the size distribution of such aerosols coincides to most particles produced in sneezes and coughs from infected volunteers. Thus, the convenience and precision of the technique and its resemblance, at least in part, to natural viral aerosols indicate its potential utility for studies of this kind.

Industrial inhalation Anthrax.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ ..........646 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................. 646 RESuLTS..................................................................... 650 DIscussIoN................................................................... 654 SUMMARY.................................................................... 656 LITERATURE CITED.................. 656

Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy of airborne tularemia.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION................................................................ 542 TETRACYCLINE PROPHYLAXIS................... 543 Simian Tularemia.................. 543 Human Tularemia................... 544 TETRACYCLINE THERAPY................... 545 OTHER ANTIBIOTICS................... 546 SUMMARY.................................................................... 547 LITERATURE CITED................... 547

Epidemiology of airborne staphylococcal infection.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ Material Reviewed.......................................................... DISPERSAL OF STAPHYLOCOCCI INTO THE AIR ....................................... Nose and Skin Carriers...................................................... Mechanism ofDispersal.................................................... Frequency and Magnitude ofDispersal........................................ Factors Influencing Dispersal................................................ Infected Lesions............................................................ Air Contamination Resultingfrom Dispersal ...................................... TRANSFER THROUGH THE AIR.................................................. Viability in Air............................................................. ACQUISITION OF AIRBORNE STAPHYLOCOCCI. ... ................................

Toxins other than aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus.

Abstract: Long before the discovery of aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus was known as a species capable of elaborating one or more toxic substances in various culture media. In view of this early knowledge, it is somewhat surprising that this fungus was not studied more intensively in relation to toxic-feed diseases in which it was sometimes found as a contaminant (19, 23, 38). Other microorganisms have become recognized sources of multiple poisonous metabolites whose potency may equal or exceed those from A. flavus. However, its ubiquitous nature, frequent role as a contaminant of foods for both animals and man, and its production of a carcinogenic substance, aflatoxin, on foods all combine to attract renewed, worldwide attention to this wellrecognized organism. In this connection, a practical re-evaluation of the potential hazards involved in using this and related molds for production of oriental fermented foods now seems warranted. This review assembles some of the information collected from sources widespread in time and geography, relating to various toxins of A. Flavus other than aflatoxin. Available facts serve to emphasize the versatility of this primitive organism in the elaboration of substances toxic to members of both the plant and animal kingdoms.

Blood groups, disease, and selection.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION................................................................ 427 MATERNAL-FETAL INCOMPATIBILITY.............................................. 427 DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT .... .................................. 430 RHEUMATIC FEVER ............................................................ 432 POLIOMYELITIS ................................................................ 432 BRONCHOPNEUMONIA ........................................................... 433 COMMON ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS BETWEEN BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES AND MICROBIAL AGENTS OF DISEASE.......................................................... 433 Plague and Smallpox......................................................... 433 Myxoviruses................................................................ 435 Enteric Bacteria............................................................. 435 MYXOVIRUSES................................................................. 436 OTHER INFECTIONS............................................................. 437 IMMUNIZABILITY AND THE BLOOD GROUPS......................................... 437 RESPONSE TO THERAPY......................................................... 438 LINKAGE OF BLOOD GROUP GENES AND DISEASE SYNDROMES......................... 438 SUMMARY................................................................... 439 LITERATURE CITED............................................................. 439

Airborne disease and the upper respiratory tract.

Abstract: Studies of airborne infection have been largely directed at the identification and nature of responsible microorganisms, epidemiology, host immunological defenses, and antibacterial or antiviral drugs. A relatively small effort has involved the possible role of the respiratory mucosa and the nasal passages in the defense against airborne infection. As a result, although a highly sophisticated body of knowledge has accumulated in the former fields, we do not yet know whether the upper respiratory tract constitutes a useful defense against airborne disease, is of no use, or