Showing papers in "Blumea in 1977"

The morphology and relationships of Paracryphia (Paracryphiaceae)

Abstract: A comprehensive study of floral and vegetative anatomy of the monotypic New Caledonian genus Paracryphia Baker was initiated in an attempt to help clarify the evolutionary relationships of the genus. Detailed descriptions of leaf, axis, nodal, wood, floral, pollen, and fruit morphology and anatomy are presented. In general, most vegetative characters are distinctly primitive whereas those of the reproductive organs are regarded as advanced or specialized. The present study confirms the opinion that Paracryphia merits familial status. All previously suggested relationships of the genus are rejected in favor of a view that envisions Paracryphia as an independent and early divergence from the Thealean, Ericalean, and/or Celastralean lines of evolution. This view is based on similarities of Paracryphia with Sphenostemonaceae, Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in a number of characters.

The Winteraceae of the Old World. II. Zygogynum — Morphology and Taxonomy

Abstract: In Zygogynum six species are recognized, of which two are newly described. Z. spatulatum is reduced to synonymy, Z. balansae is ranked as a subspecies of Z. pomiferum. Leaf anatomy provided suitable specific characters on which an alternative key could be constructed. Notes are given on the morphology of the inflorescence, flower, and fruit; the calyx is calyptrate in very early stages, the petals are mostly connate in bud. Corrections of identifications cited in literature on anatomy etc. are given on p. 239.

Flowers and fruits in Flacourtiaceae. III. Some Oncobeae

Abstract: Data are presented on Oncoba, Caloncoba, Camptostylus, Dasylepis, Scottellia, Berberidopsis, Lindackeria, and Peterodendron, with special emphasis on development and anatomy of the gynoecium. A neutral view is preferred to the carpel theory. There appears to be a link between parietal and basal placentation. It is proposed to refer to this placentation as cupular. Several peculiarities are found, such as ‘ramification’ of the stigmatic canals, penetration of the embryosac into the chalaza, distal lobes on integuments, separate vascular traces to the lowermost ovules, etc.

Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum

Abstract: The genus is re-described and its status discussed. A key to all known species is provided, and a full synonymy and description for each, with discussions on the complex synonymies of A. terminans and A. opulentum. Ten species are recognized and 23 basionyms reduced to synonymy. One new species, A. tildeniae from Tahiti, is described and the following new combinations are made: A. tonkinense (C. Chr.) Holttum, A. subattenuatum (Rosenst.) Holttum, A. paraphysophorum (v. A. v. R.) Holttum, A. attenuatum (O. Kuntze) Holttum, A. distinctum (Copel.) Holttum, A. ceramicum (v. A. v. R.) Holttum.

Pollenmorphology of the genus Mischocarpus (Sapindaceae)

Abstract: The pollen morphology of all 11 species of the genus Mischocarpus is studied. All species possess basically the same syntricolpate pollen type. Transitions to the tricolpate type were observed rarely. Within the syntricolpate type, subtypes could be established. For a few species a rather wide range of variability in some characters is described. Pollen morphology correlates with macromorphology as well as with geography, thus supporting the results, based on macromorphological evidence, concerning infrageneric structure and relationships of Mischocarpus.

The pattern of vascular bundles in the stamens of Nymphaea lotus L. and its bearing on stamen morphology

Abstract: In 1969 I published, together with P. G. Heinsbroek, a paper on the anatomy of the stamens of Victoria amazonica. The flowers used in that study came from plants which were cultivated in the green-house of the Leiden Botanic Garden. Because the possibility could not be excluded that the structures then observed were partly the effect of greenhouse conditions, I subsequently took the opportunity to study flowers of well developed plants, which were cultivated in the open air under the tropical conditions of the Botanic Garden at Bogor*). The results were exactly the same. Apart from the set of central vascular bundles, normal in laminar structures, there proved to be a peripheral sheath of bundles consisting of abaxial bundles, terminating half way up the stamen, as well as adaxial bundles. All bundles run parallel and the central ones branch upwards into the fertile region of the stamen. The adaxial bundles anastomose at the lower end of the pollen sacs and one of the resulting anastomoses pursues its course in the middle between the thecae. In literature the last mentioned vascular bundle had been named the ‘auxiliary vein’ (Moseley, 1958). Its position is opposed to the normal median vein, and its xylem pole is inverted. This vein played a role in diverse morphological opinions on the flat stamens. American authors (Eames, 1961), who advocated the primitiveness of laminar stamen structure, disposed of the auxiliary vein by considering it as an insignificant vein. Schneider (1976) thinks the peripheral bundle system is explicable in functional terms. On the other hand, the discovery of the opposed median auxiliary vein was welcomed by authors like Leinfellner (1956), who thought, mainly on the ground of teratology, that the stamens are diplophyllous structures, that is consist of a dorsal and a ventral blade fused medianly. By this view the existence of apparently homogeneous laminar stamens in Ranales had been difficult to explain. However, now the auxiliary vein could be considered as the median vascular bundle of the fused ventral blade, as requested by the theory. Meeuse (1972) took up the suggestion brought forward in our paper of 1969, namely that the stamen vasculature consisted of a bract component (the abaxial bundles) and a flattened axis component (the central and adaxial bundles), in analogy with the Coniferous female cone scale. According to Meeuse this is proof of his thesis that the structure of the stamen in the Ranales is a bract amalgamated with an axial system. However, careful comparison with the results of Cecile Lemoine-Sebastian (a.o. 1972) show that the vascular patterns are different from a situation as described above.

Notes on Asiatic, Pacific, and Australian Diospyros

Abstract: In alphabetical order 56 species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) are treated. Of these, 39 species are proposed as new, 7 specific names are new combinations, 3 specific names appear in a new status, and I as a new name; 6 species are listed in relation to miscellaneous notes or to synonymy.

The secondary phloem of some Ochnaceae and the systematic position of Lophira lanceolata v. Tieghem ex Keay

Abstract: The secondary phloem of Lophira lanceolata v. Tieghem ex Keay (Ochnaceae) has been compared with that of some representatives of the family, especially of the tribe Ochneae of the subfamily Ochnoideae. The removal of Lophira from the subfamily Ochnoideae (‘Exalbuminosae’), as proposed by Kanis (1968), appears to be justified from an anatomical standpoint.

Florae Malesianae Praecursores LV. Apocynaceae IV. Alyxia

Abstract: An account of Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. in Malesia in which in all 57 species are distinguished, eight varieties (7 new), and one new subspecies. Twelve new species are proposed, one new combination, and one new name. Several species have been reduced. Two genera have been merged with Alyxia, viz. Paralstonia Baill. and Discalyxia Markgr. The species are grouped according to their presumed natural affinity in 12 series and 2 subseries. Keys are given to all series, subseries, species, and varieties. The revision is concluded with a list of names of insufficiently known species and one of excluded names.

On the morphology of the ovules in Salacca (Palmae)

Abstract: Female inflorescences in several stages of development of Salacca edulis Reinw. were collected from stands in the Kebun Raya at Bogor and near the village Depok, West Java. In addition to this, material of S. wallichiana Mart. collected in the Kebun Raya, Bogor, was used in this morphological study*). Salacca belongs to the subfamily Lepidocaryoideae of Palmae, which is distinguished by its large fruit scales. As one of the results of the present study I could observe that the early development of these scales takes place in the epidermal cells of the young ovaries. The Lepidocaryoideae are furthermore distinguished by the position of their ovules. In Palms there is one axillary basal ovule in each locule. Usually the ovules are ascendent and anatropous, the micropylae facing the dorsal walls of the locules. In Lepidocaryoideae, however, the micropylae face the central column of the ovary. Uhl & Moore (1971), who recently published a morphological study on the Palm gynoecium, think that the ovules in this group have turned 180 degrees. These authors studied Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, and their results are very similar to mine in Salacca. The vascular bundle in the funicle is reported to be twisted, which is regarded as evidence of the turning of the ovule.

Pacific capsular Myrtaceae 12. Tristania (New Caledonia)

Abstract: Tristania R. Brown, Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis (2nd Ed.) 4 (1812) 417, was established with three species — T. neriifolia, T. laurina, and T. conferta. A number of other species have since been added to the genus and a recent study (Wilson, 1971) has shown that the three original species belong to three different groups and further that these groups are sufficiently different to warrant their separation at the generic level. All of the New Caledonian species belong to the Tristania laurina group. It has not yet been decided which of the groups should retain the original generic name, but if the T. laurina group is not selected the name Tristaniopsis Brongniart et Gris, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 10 (1863) 371, would become available for it. Six species are currently recognised in New Caledonia where they mostly grow at low elevations in scrub and forest on ultrabasic rocks. Species of the same group are found in Australia, New Guinea, Borneo, and probably elsewhere in Malesia.

A new species of Gnetum from Papua New Guinea (Gnetaceae)

Abstract: Frutex alte (ad 20 m) scandens. Rami crasse lenticellosi, ramuli satis graciles. Folia coriacea, sicca nigricantia, supra laevia et nitida, elliptica, basi rotundato-angustata, apice breviter et obtuse acuminata, 8—12X3—5 cm, nervi laterales 5—6, valde arcuati, 10—15 mm inter se distantes, 3 mm ante marginem arcuato-coniuncti; petiolus 6—8 mm longus, gracilis. Fructescentia ramificata, crassa, magna. Colla infra convexa, supra inter fructus pulvinibus densis sed brevibus pilorum repleta. Fructus rubri, ellipsoidei, obtusi, sessiles, laeves, 5x3x3 cm; involucrum externum 2 mm crassum, carnosum et fibrosum, medium durum, 2 mm crassum, intimum chartaceum et modice fibrosum. NEW GUINEA. East. Western Dist., Mt. Bosavi, northern side, 6 26 S 142 50 E, alt. 1000—1350 m, in mixed prim. for. on old well-drained volcanic soil, mostly on ridge, 23/25-9-1973, fr., M.Jacobs 8783, 9410 (Type, L).

Notes on Arytera (Sapindaceae)

Abstract: Consequently upon a revision of Mischocarpus (Van der Ham, 1977a), a detailed study has been made of several characters in Arytera in order to get a better understanding of the delimitation of the two genera mutually. The differences between Mischocarpus and Arytera given by Radlkofer (1931) in his key are vague and can only be used when fruiting material is available. However, several species in Arytera were described by him and others on flowering material only. Two species of Mischocarpus could be connected with species of Arytera. One species of Arytera appeared to be the same as Mischocarpus exangulatus. M. exangulatus has, besides typical Mischocarpus characters, several features unique in Mischocarpus but more regularly occurring in Arytera. Radlkofer distinguished 4 sections with 24 species. A few more species were described afterwards but were not placed in a section. When searching for new characters on which to base a better delimitation against Mischocarpus, variation in several characters of Arytera turned out to be rather wide for a genus within the Cupanieae. Moreover, these variations appeared to be discontinuous. With help of a few characters, groups of species could be formed which are more natural and better based than the sections made by Radlkofer. Several species or groups of species turned out to be wrongly placed or at least dubious in Arytera. Even the naturalness of Arytera as provisionally accepted here can be questioned. The material studied mainly comes fom L and M (types of Radlkofer). Material of nearly all species was available.

A revision of Mischocarpus (Sapindaceae)

Abstract: Mischocarpus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 238, nom. cons.; Rumphia 3 (1849) 166; Radlk., Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1933) 1288—1310. — Cupania § Mischocarpus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 2 (1859) 566. — Type: M. sundaicus Bl. Pedicellia Lour., Fl. Coch. (1790) 655, nom. rejic. (see under dubious names). — Type: P. oppositifolia Lour. Mischocodon Radlk., Bot. jahrb. 50 (1913) 79; Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1933) 1327—1328. — Type: M. reticulatus Radlk. Shrubs or, sometimes large, trees, sometimes with a slender unbranched stem. Buttresses sometimes present (M. largifolius). Indumentum rather dense to sometimes very sparse, consisting of mostly appressed, short to long, brownish to ferruginous hairs; no glandular scales. Twigs brownish to reddish-brown to greyish. Axillary buds just above or, mostly in ramiflorous species, up to 6 mm above the base of the petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, paripinnate, the leaflets accrescent in size towards the top, 1—6-jugate, without stipules; petiole ± semi-terete, sometimes dorsiventrally flattened. Leaflets alternate to subopposite, petioluled, ratio 1.5—5(—8), widest below, in, or above the middle, sometimes curved downwards (in the herbarium showing a folded base and apex and sometimes an undulate or folded margin), sometimes bullate, pergamentaceous to coriaceous, when dry above mostly greyish-green, sometimes smooth and shiny, beneath mostly brownish-green, not papillose, above glabrous or hairy on midrib and nerves, beneath glabrous or hairy mainly on midrib, nerves and along the margin, between the nerves very sparsely appressedly short-hairy, often glabrescent; domatia often present in axils of main nerves; base equalsided, rarely slightly oblique, rounded or acute to blunt, decurrent; margin entire, flat or sometimes revolute; apex rounded or acute to blunt, mostly shortly mucronate, or ± acuminate or retuse or rarely emarginate; acumen rounded or acute, mostly slightly retuse; midrib above prominent to sunken, rounded or angular, sometimes carinate, beneath prominent, in cross-section about semi-circular, sometimes nearly completely circular ( M. grandissimus), slightly angular to the base; nerves not or sometimes indistinctly connected in the lower 0.5—0.75, in the upper part connected, about straight to rather strongly curved; intercalated veins present, sometimes indistinct; veins and veinlets nearly always forming a very regular reticulate pattern, dense; nerves, veins, and veinlets ± prominent on both faces, beneath stronger so than above, veinlets inconspicuous beneath. Inflorescences pseudoterminal, axillary, and ramiflorous (probably also cauliflorous in a few species), composed of one or more thyrsoid axes, these nearly always branched, erect to spreading, mostly slightly grooved, with stalked or sometimes sessile cymules, glabrous to densely hairy; cymules 1—7(—10)-flowered; pedicels 1—3(—5) mm; bracts triangular to lanceolate, sometimes subulate, outside glabrous or hairy, inside mostly glabrous. Flowers unisexual, probably mostly monoecious (dioecious in M. reticulatus?). Calyx spreading or cup-shaped, early expanding, 5 (rarely 6)-merous, connate for up to 65%, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, sometimes somewhat fleshy; lobes subequal, sometimes slightly imbricate at the base, triangular to ovate, outside variably hairy, inside glabrous or hairy, often only a row of hairs near the base sometimes hidden by the disk; apex acute, sometimes acuminate. Petals 0—5, from minute up to slightly longer than the calyx, apert, unguiculate or not, variably hairy, mostly on claw, base of plate, and auricles; plate elliptic to ovate, sometimes triangular or rhomboid; apex sometimes lobed; 2 auricles or scales mostly present, without crest. Disk complete or sometimes interrupted, annular or cup-shaped, sometimes surrounding base of stamens and confluent with pistil, glabrous or short-hairy. Stamens (5—)8(—9), exserted (sometimes rather long); filament thread-like, glabrous or appressedly to patent-hairy, more densely so to the base; anther basifixed, base and apex emarginate; connective sometimes with a lighter coloured wart at the top; thecae about ellipsoid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, smooth or papillose (most distinct when not yet exserted), dehiscence lateral or latero-introrse. Pistil 3-(rarely 2- or 4-) celled, glabrous or appressedly short-bairy; ovary stiped or almost sessile, about ellipsoid- to obovoid-triangular; style apical, shorter to slightly longer than ovary, the upper part either split in 3 ± recurved stigmatic lobes or almost undivided, bearing 3 stigmatic lines (M. exangulatus); ovules 1 per cell, apotropous, anatropous, ascending, base collar-like, surrounding micropyle and funiculus. Pistillode small, densely hairy to subglabrous. Infructescences sometimes with accrescent axes and pedicels; calyx present, sometimes accrescent, mostly glabrescent; disk present, not accrescent. Fruit nearly always distinctly stiped (in M. paradoxus only up to 1 mm), not lobed, the cells about equally developed but the ovules abortive in (1) 2 cells, loculicidal, up to 3.5 cm long, reddish when ripe, glabrous or hairy; stipe empty, 3-celled, cylindrical near the base, distally becoming triangular; seed bearing part triangular to rounded in cross-section, with elliptic to obovate valves, apiculate; valves thin to almost woody, mostly shrivelled after dehiscence; pericarp slightly fleshy; endocarp sclerenchymatic, either complete, lining valves (except for M. exangulatus also lining stipe) and distal parts of the septa, or incomplete, only along the sutures (see fig. 1g and 1h); septa membranaceous, at least in the proximal half; endocarp and septa glabrous or variably hairy. Seed sometimes pendulous by the appendix of the arillode, globose to ellipsoid; hilum adaxial, basal; testa shining, chestnutbrown, finally (nearly) completely covered by a thin-fleshy, translucent, bluish or yellow to orange arillode which is attached around hilum and micropyle; arillode nearly always (except M. paradoxus) with an appendix abaxial of the hilum and micropyle, descending into the stipe; cotyledons equal or not, folded or not; suture between cotyledons either transverse and straight, or curved (see fig. 1e and 1f). Plumule glabrous or variably hairy (not constant within one species).